Урок 40: Архитектура сложного предложения
Словарный запас: Академическая и аналитическая лексика, сложные дискурсивные коннекторы (~36 слов)
Как работать с этим уроком
- Прочитай — это капстон Блока 4. Новой грамматики нет — собираем в одно: относительные, адвербиальные, условные, пассив, косвенная речь (5 минут, не больше!)
- Проговори вслух — учись держать тоном длинное многоклаузное предложение, не теряя согласования времён
- Ускоряйся — пиши и говори предложения, в которых соединяются 2–3 типа придаточных. Это и есть «английский C1».
Знать правило = 5%. Натренировать рот = 95%. Если ты дошёл досюда, ты умеешь всё: тензы (L27), относительные (L28), условные (L31–33), пассив (L34), косвенную (L35), модалы 2 (L36), герундий-инфинитив (L37), адвербиальные (L38), артикли (L39). Этот урок — про синтез.
Часть 1: Слои сложного предложения
Сложное английское предложение строится из «слоёв». В одном предложении может быть несколько слоёв одновременно.
| Слой | Откуда | Чем добавляется |
|---|---|---|
| Главная клауза | основа | подлежащее + сказуемое |
| Относительная придаточная | L28 | who, which, that, where, whose |
| Адвербиальная придаточная | L38 | because, although, when, so that… |
| Условная | L31–33 | if, unless |
| Косвенная речь | L35 | said that, asked if |
| Пассив | L34 | be + V3 |
| Герундий / инфинитив | L37 | -ing / to + Inf |
Длинное предложение — это главная клауза + несколько слоёв. Цель C1 — собирать такие предложения естественно, без потери ясности.
Пример нарастания
Возьмём простую идею и нарастим её:
1. The book is interesting.
2. The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
3. The book that I bought yesterday at the bookshop is interesting.
4. The book that I bought yesterday at the bookshop, which is owned by my friend, is interesting.
5. Although the book that I bought yesterday at the bookshop, which is owned by my friend, was expensive, it is interesting.
6. Although the book that I had bought the day before at the bookshop, which is owned by my friend, had been very expensive, she told me it was worth every penny.
Заметь: на каждой ступени добавляется слой, но главная клауза («The book is interesting» → «she told me it was worth every penny») остаётся узнаваемой. Это и есть архитектура.
Часть 2: Согласование времён — главный риск в длинном предложении
Когда в предложении несколько глаголов, все они должны согласоваться по времени. Это самая частая ошибка C1.
Правило бэкшифта в косвенной речи (повтор из L35)
Когда главный глагол в прошедшем, все придаточные глаголы сдвигаются на «один шаг назад»:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная (главный глагол в прошедшем) |
|---|---|
| "I am tired." | He said (that) he was tired. |
| "I work here." | She said (that) she worked there. |
| "I have finished." | He said (that) he had finished. |
| "I will come." | She said (that) she would come. |
| "I saw him." | He said (that) he had seen him. |
Правило в условных
Условные не «сдвигаются» — у них своя структура времён, которую нельзя нарушать:
| Тип | If-clause | Main clause |
|---|---|---|
| Zero | Present | Present |
| 1st | Present | will + V |
| 2nd | Past (would) | would + V |
| 3rd | Past Perfect | would have + V3 |
Согласование в длинном предложении — пример
If she had told me earlier that the book had been stolen, I would have called the police immediately, although I knew that they probably wouldn't be able to do much.
Разберём по слоям:
- If she had told me earlier — if-clause (3rd conditional, Past Perfect)
- that the book had been stolen — косвенная речь, прошлое до прошлого
- I would have called the police immediately — main clause 3rd conditional
- although I knew — адвербиальное (контраст), Past Simple
- that they probably wouldn't be able to do much — косвенная речь после knew, would не сдвигается
Главный приём: определи «анкор» (якорь) — главный глагол. От него считай шифт всех остальных.
Часть 3: Семь видов сложных предложений
Это пять-семь типичных «архитектур» C1 — научись их собирать.
Тип 1: Главная + относительная + адвербиальная
The man who lives next door complained about the noise because he couldn't sleep.
Структура: Subject [relative clause] verb [adverbial clause].
Тип 2: Условная + главная с косвенной речью
If he had known that the meeting had been cancelled, he wouldn't have come.
Структура: If-clause [reported speech], main clause.
Тип 3: Адвербиальная + главная + пассив
Although the report was finished on time, it was rejected by the committee because it had been written in a hurry.
Структура: Adverbial, main (passive) [reason adverbial with passive].
Тип 4: Главная + относительная (non-defining) с пассивом
The book, which was written by a famous author, became a bestseller.
Структура: Subject, [non-defining passive relative], main verb.
Тип 5: Главная + герундий + цель
She refused to attend the meeting in order to avoid being questioned about the incident.
Структура: основной глагол + инфинитив + цель + герундий после предлога.
Тип 6: Reported question внутри условной
If you ask me whether I think it will rain, I'll say I have no idea.
Структура: косвенный вопрос (whether/if) внутри условной первого типа.
Тип 7: Mixed conditional + reported
If she had listened to what they had told her, she would still be working there now.
Структура: смешанный условный (нереальное прошлое → нереальное настоящее) + reported.
Часть 4: Дискурсивные коннекторы для длинной речи
Чтобы держать длинный текст «связанным», нужны дискурсивные слова — больше, чем простые союзы.
Добавление / расширение
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| moreover | более того |
| furthermore | кроме того |
| in addition | в дополнение |
| besides | кроме того |
| not only … but also | не только … но и |
Контраст
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| however | однако |
| nevertheless | тем не менее |
| nonetheless | тем не менее |
| on the contrary | напротив |
| on the other hand | с другой стороны |
| by contrast | в противоположность |
Причина и следствие
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| therefore | поэтому |
| consequently | следовательно |
| as a result | в результате |
| thus | таким образом |
| hence | отсюда |
| for this reason | по этой причине |
Заключение
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| in conclusion | в заключение |
| to sum up | подытожив |
| overall | в целом |
| in short | короче говоря |
| all in all | в целом |
Уточнение
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| in other words | другими словами |
| that is to say | то есть |
| namely | а именно |
| for instance | например |
| specifically | в частности |
Словарь урока
- approachподход
- aspectаспект
- analysisанализ
- argumentаргумент, довод
- assumptionдопущение
- conceptпонятие
- conclusionзаключение
- consequenceследствие
- contextконтекст
- criterionкритерий
- dataданные
- distinctionразличие
- evidenceдоказательство
- factorфактор
- frameworkрамки, схема
- hypothesisгипотеза
- implicationподтекст, следствие
- issueвопрос, проблема
- methodметод
- moreoverболее того
- neverthelessтем не менее
- perspectiveточка зрения
- principleпринцип
- processпроцесс
- researchисследование
- significanceзначение, важность
- thereforeпоэтому
- theoryтеория
- to addressобращаться (к проблеме), решать
- to assumeпредполагать
- to considerучитывать
- to demonstrateпродемонстрировать
- to implyподразумевать
- to indicateуказывать
- to investigateисследовать
- to suggestпредполагать, давать понять
| Немецкий | Перевод | |
|---|---|---|
approach | подход | |
aspect | аспект | |
analysis | анализ | |
argument | аргумент, довод | |
assumption | допущение | |
concept | понятие | |
conclusion | заключение | |
consequence | следствие | |
context | контекст | |
criterion | критерий | |
data | данные | |
distinction | различие | |
evidence | доказательство | |
factor | фактор | |
framework | рамки, схема | |
hypothesis | гипотеза | |
implication | подтекст, следствие | |
issue | вопрос, проблема | |
method | метод | |
moreover | более того | |
nevertheless | тем не менее | |
perspective | точка зрения | |
principle | принцип | |
process | процесс | |
research | исследование | |
significance | значение, важность | |
therefore | поэтому | |
theory | теория | |
to address | обращаться (к проблеме), решать | |
to assume | предполагать | |
to consider | учитывать | |
to demonstrate | продемонстрировать | |
to imply | подразумевать | |
to indicate | указывать | |
to investigate | исследовать | |
to suggest | предполагать, давать понять |
Полный словарь
557 записей
Прочитай задание, введи ответ по-английски и нажми «Проверить». Сначала идёт локальная проверка; в сложных случаях запрашиваем подсказку у Claude. Прогресс сохраняется автоматически.
🔊 УпражненияОткроет ответы упражнений во внешнем приложении — изучай со звуком и пословным разбором.Упражнение 1. Найди ошибку в согласовании времён
В каждой фразе одна ошибка времени. Найди и исправь:
Упражнение 2. Собери длинное предложение
Из этих кусочков собери одно длинное предложение (можно менять порядок):
Упражнение 3. Объедини три коротких предложения
Объедини в одно сложное:
Упражнение 4. Дискурсивные коннекторы
Заполни пропуск подходящим коннектором (however / therefore / moreover / nevertheless / in conclusion / on the other hand):
Упражнение 5. Переведи длинные предложения
Упражнение 6. Перепиши в академический регистр
Перепиши простые предложения через академические коннекторы и пассив:
Упражнение 7. Большая матрица — обсуждение
Прогони эти ответы вслух, замечая многослойность.
Q: What do you think about working from home? A: Although working from home offers flexibility that many employees appreciate, I believe it also creates challenges that companies have not yet fully addressed. For instance, many people who work from home report feeling isolated, while others struggle to separate work from personal life. Moreover, if a company hasn't established clear communication processes, productivity can suffer significantly. Nevertheless, despite these issues, remote work is here to stay because it offers benefits that are simply too valuable to ignore.
Q: Why did the project fail? A: The project failed because, despite having a strong team and a good initial plan, it had been underfunded from the beginning. As a result, when problems arose — and problems always arise in complex projects — the team didn't have the resources to address them. Furthermore, the senior managers, who had been informed of the risks repeatedly, refused to release additional funds until it was too late. In other words, the failure was not technical but financial and managerial.
Свободное упражнение — без автопроверки. Проговори ответы вслух и иди дальше.
Нужно ещё практики? Claude составит новое упражнение из 10 заданий по словарю и теме урока.
Сгенерировано: 0 из 5
Тексты для аудирования
Три варианта на каждый урок. Открой в glottos.com для аудио с синхронизацией.
Текст AТекст к уроку 40: A complicated job interview🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Last week I had an interview for a position that I had wanted for months.
- The company, which is based in the city centre, is one of the biggest in the industry.
- When I arrived, the receptionist told me that the interviewer was running late.
- Although I felt nervous, I tried to stay calm.
- After about twenty minutes, a woman who introduced herself as the head of HR came out.
- She apologised for the delay and said that she appreciated my patience.
- The interview, which I had been preparing for since I had applied, lasted almost an hour.
- She asked me what I knew about the company and why I wanted the job.
- I said that I had been following their work for a long time and that I admired their values.
- She seemed pleased with my answer, although she didn't say so directly.
- Then she asked me a question that I hadn't expected at all.
- She wanted to know what I would do if I disagreed with a manager's decision.
- I told her that I would express my concerns honestly but respect the final decision.
- She nodded and made a note, which I tried not to look at.
- After more questions, she asked if I had any questions for her.
- I asked about the team I would be joining and how new employees were supported.
- She explained that the company had a mentorship programme that had been very successful.
- By the time the interview ended, I felt much more confident than I had at the start.
- As I was leaving, she said that I would hear from them within a week.
- The next few days were difficult because I couldn't stop thinking about it.
- I kept wondering whether I had said the right things or if I had missed something important.
- Although I knew that worrying wouldn't help, I couldn't help it.
- On the fifth day, while I was at work, my phone rang.
- It was the company calling to tell me that I had got the job.
- I was so happy that I almost dropped the phone.
- They told me that I would start in two weeks, after my current notice period.
- I called my parents immediately, and they were as excited as I was.
- Looking back, I realise that the interview, despite being stressful, was one of the most useful experiences of my life.
- If I hadn't prepared so carefully, I'm not sure I would have got the offer.
- Now I'm starting a new chapter, which I hope will bring everything I've been hoping for.
Текст BТекст к уроку 40: An academic discussion about technology and society🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Technology has changed our society in ways that no one could have predicted fifty years ago.
- Although the benefits are obvious, the disadvantages are often overlooked.
- Moreover, the speed of change has made it difficult for ordinary people to adapt.
- For instance, jobs that existed when our parents were young have completely disappeared.
- As a result, many workers have had to learn new skills several times in their lives.
- Some experts argue that, despite these difficulties, society is better off overall.
- They point out that life expectancy has risen and that poverty has fallen worldwide.
- However, others claim that these improvements have not been distributed fairly.
- While the rich have benefited enormously, the poor have seen smaller gains.
- In other words, the gap between the wealthy and the poor has widened.
- Furthermore, problems that did not exist before have appeared.
- Mental health issues, which were rarely discussed in the past, are now common.
- Studies suggest that social media, which connects people in many ways, may also isolate them.
- Although researchers have not reached a consensus, the evidence is concerning.
- Therefore, governments are starting to consider how technology should be regulated.
- Some countries have already passed laws that limit how data can be collected.
- Other countries, by contrast, have taken a more relaxed approach.
- It remains to be seen which approach will work best in the long term.
- If history is any guide, regulation usually arrives too late to prevent harm.
- Nevertheless, doing nothing is not an option.
- The challenges that we face are global, and they require global solutions.
- International cooperation, which has often been promised but rarely delivered, is essential.
- For instance, climate change cannot be solved by one country acting alone.
- Similarly, the regulation of artificial intelligence requires shared standards.
- Critics argue that countries are too divided to cooperate meaningfully.
- Supporters reply that we have no choice if we want to avoid disaster.
- In conclusion, the question is not whether technology will continue to change society, but how we will choose to respond.
- If we act wisely, the next fifty years could be the best in human history.
- If we fail to act, we may face problems that no generation has ever faced before.
- The decisions that we make today will shape the world that our children will inherit.
Текст CТекст к уроку 40: A long conversation about a difficult decision🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- So, what did your sister finally decide about the offer she had been thinking about?
- She told me yesterday that she had decided to accept it, although she still has doubts.
- I thought she would refuse, since she was worried about leaving the city where she grew up.
- Yes, that was the main concern, but she said she had realised that opportunities like this don't come often.
- If she had refused, she might have regretted it for the rest of her life.
- Exactly. She kept saying that, although she loved her current job, she felt she had stopped growing.
- What did your parents say when she told them?
- They were surprised at first, but once she explained why she had made the decision, they understood.
- My father even said that, if he had been her age, he would have taken a similar chance.
- That's nice. So when does she start the new job, which is in London, I think?
- Yes, London. She starts in six weeks, which gives her enough time to find a place to live.
- Has she already started looking at apartments?
- She's been browsing online, but she hasn't visited any in person yet because she doesn't want to fly to London just for that.
- I think she might be worrying too much about the practical details.
- The main thing is that she has made the decision, and now she has to commit to it fully.
- You're right. If she keeps doubting herself, she'll make the transition harder than it needs to be.
- Did she tell you what the company offered in terms of relocation support?
- Yes — they're covering moving costs and three months of temporary housing.
- That's generous. Most companies don't provide that kind of support anymore.
- Especially for someone who isn't even at the senior level yet.
- Although she said the salary was the most important factor, I think she's also excited about the city.
- London is exciting, but it's also expensive, so she'll need to budget carefully.
- She knows that, and she said she had been saving for a long time, just in case an opportunity came up.
- Smart. If she hadn't been saving, the move would be much more stressful.
- What about you? Have you ever thought about making a big change like that?
- I have, although I've never had the courage to act on it.
- Sometimes I wonder if I should leave my current job, but every time I'm about to decide, something holds me back.
- Maybe seeing your sister take the risk will inspire you.
- Maybe. If she succeeds, which I'm sure she will, perhaps I'll feel braver too.
- We'll see. For now, let's just hope that everything goes well for her in London.
Аудио воспроизводится в glottos.com — открывается в новой вкладке.
Тренировка рта
Главный принцип: 95% — это тренировка рта. Читай каждую строку вслух. Не просто смотри — говори.
Часть 5: Языковые гаммы — наращивание
🔊 Аудио-практикаГамма 1 — Один тезис, разные слои
Прогоняй вслух, замечая, как простая мысль обрастает слоями:
The car was stolen.
The car that I had bought last year was stolen.
The car that I had bought last year was stolen last night.
The car that I had bought last year was stolen last night while we were sleeping.
Although we had locked the garage, the car that I had bought last year was stolen
last night while we were sleeping.
Although we had locked the garage, the car that I had bought last year, which had
cost me a fortune, was stolen last night while we were sleeping.
The police told us that, although we had locked the garage, the car that I had
bought last year, which had cost me a fortune, had been stolen because the
alarm hadn't been working properly.
Гамма 2 — Косвенная речь внутри условной
If I knew where they had gone, I would tell you.
If I had known where they had gone, I would have told you.
If she asks me what time the meeting starts, I'll tell her it begins at three.
If you wonder why the report was rejected, I think it was because it had been
written in a hurry.
Гамма 3 — Дискурсивные коннекторы
The plan was good. However, we ran out of money.
The plan was good. Nevertheless, we ran out of money.
The plan was good. On the other hand, we had no real budget.
The plan was good. Furthermore, everyone supported it.
The plan was good. Therefore, we decided to proceed.
The plan was good. In conclusion, it deserves another chance.
Прогоняй каждую гамму по 3 раза вслух.
Часть 6: Языковая матрица — академический ответ
| Вопрос | Ответ (длинный, с придаточными) |
|---|---|
АРХИТЕКТУРА СЛОЖНОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ — С1 КАПСТОН:
СЛОИ:
главная клауза + относительная + адвербиальная + пассив + reported
+ герундий/инфинитив + условная
НИЧЕГО НОВОГО — только синтез того, что уже знаешь:
L27 — все времена
L28 — относительные (who, which, that, where, whose)
L31–33 — условные (0, 1, 2, 3, mixed, wish)
L34 — пассив
L35 — косвенная речь (backshift)
L36 — модалы 2 (must have, can't have, should have)
L37 — герундий / инфинитив
L38 — адвербиальные (because, although, when, so that)
L39 — артикли (тонкие случаи)
ГЛАВНЫЙ РИСК — СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН:
1) "Анкор" — главный глагол. От него считай шифт.
2) Бэкшифт после прошедшего: am→was, work→worked, have→had, will→would
3) Условия НЕ сдвигаются — у них своя структура (см. L32)
4) Косвенный вопрос — прямой порядок слов, не "do/does/did"
ДИСКУРСИВНЫЕ КОННЕКТОРЫ — для C1-речи:
Добавление: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides
Контраст: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand
Причина: therefore, consequently, as a result, thus
Заключение: in conclusion, to sum up, overall, in short
Уточнение: in other words, namely, for instance, specifically
СЕМЬ АРХИТЕКТУР:
1. Главная + relative + adverbial
2. Conditional + main с reported
3. Adverbial + main passive + reason adverbial
4. Main + non-defining relative passive
5. Main + infinitive + purpose + gerund после предлога
6. Reported question внутри conditional
7. Mixed conditional + reported
ТРИ ПРАВИЛА УСТОЙЧИВОЙ ДЛИННОЙ ФРАЗЫ:
1) НЕ теряй главного глагола — он держит всё предложение
2) НЕ перегружай — больше 3 слоёв в одном предложении уже сложно
3) ИСПОЛЬЗУЙ запятые там, где это помогает: после придаточной в начале,
вокруг non-defining clauses, перед and в длинных списках
АКАДЕМИЧЕСКИЕ СЛОВА К ЗАПОМИНАНИЮ:
approach, aspect, argument, conclusion, consequence, context,
data, evidence, factor, framework, hypothesis, implication,
issue, method, perspective, principle, research, significance,
theory, address, assume, demonstrate, imply, indicate, investigate
Следующий шаг: Урок 41 — открываем Блок 5 (C1). Грамматика осталась позади — впереди лексика: фразовые глаголы, коллокации, идиомы, регистр. Это уже не «правила, которые ты выучил», а «английский, который ты освоил».
Поздравляю — ты на пороге B2/C1. То, что ты собираешь сейчас сложные английские предложения с относительными, адвербиальными и косвенной речью одновременно — это взрослый английский.
Повторение в этом уроке:
- R1 → Урок 39: артикли — четвёртый заход
- R2 → Урок 38: адвербиальные придаточные
- R3 → Урок 35: косвенная речь
- Плюс кумулятивно: L31–39 — весь Блок 4
Следующий шаг: Урок 41 — открываем Блок 5 (C1). Грамматика осталась позади — впереди лексика: фразовые глаголы, коллокации, идиомы, регистр. Это уже не «правила, которые ты выучил», а «английский, который ты освоил».
Поздравляю — ты на пороге B2/C1. То, что ты собираешь сейчас сложные английские предложения с относительными, адвербиальными и косвенной речью одновременно — это взрослый английский.