Урок 38: Адвербиальные придаточные и связки
Словарный запас: Подчинительные союзы — время, причина, цель, контраст (~34 слова)
Как работать с этим уроком
- Прочитай — пойми, что у каждой связки своя «специализация» (время / причина / цель / контраст), и есть пары-двойники, между которыми тонкая разница (5 минут, не больше!)
- Проговори вслух — гоняй матрицу: одна и та же мысль через разные связки (because, so, although, despite)
- Ускоряйся — пары «связка → структура» должны срабатывать без раздумий: because + clause, because of + noun, although + clause, despite + noun/-ing
Знать правило = 5%. Натренировать рот = 95%. Адвербиальные придаточные — это вторая половина сложного предложения. Первую (определительные придаточные с who/which/that) мы прошли на L28. Эти две системы вместе дают «взрослый» английский синтаксис.
Часть 1: Что такое адвербиальное придаточное
Адвербиальное придаточное работает как наречие — отвечает на вопросы когда? почему? зачем? при каком условии? несмотря на что?. Цепляется к главному предложению через подчинительный союз.
| Тип | Вопрос | Союзы |
|---|---|---|
| времени | когда? пока? до того как? | when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as |
| причины | почему? | because, as, since |
| цели | зачем? | so that, in order to, to |
| результата | в результате чего? | so… that, such… that, so |
| контраста / уступки | несмотря на что? хотя? | although, though, even though, while, whereas |
| условия | при каком условии? | if, unless, provided that, in case |
Условия (последняя строка) уже разобрали на L31–33. В этом уроке — остальные пять типов.
Порядок частей и запятая
Главное правило пунктуации: если придаточное идёт первым, после него — запятая. Если оно идёт вторым, запятая чаще всего не нужна.
| Порядок | Пример |
|---|---|
| Придаточное → главное | Because it was raining, we stayed home. |
| Главное → придаточное | We stayed home because it was raining. (без запятой) |
| Придаточное → главное | Although he was tired, he kept working. |
| Главное → придаточное | He kept working although he was tired. |
Запомни: запятая нужна, когда придаточное «вначале»; не нужна, когда «в конце». Это работает для всех типов адвербиальных, кроме while в значении «тогда как» (контраст) — там запятая обычно ставится в любом порядке.
Часть 2: Придаточные времени
| Союз | Значение | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| when | когда | When I got home, dinner was ready. |
| while | пока (одновременно) | While she was cooking, I read a book. |
| as | в то время как / по мере | As I was walking, I noticed the moon. |
| before | прежде чем | Call me before you leave. |
| after | после того как | After we ate, we went out. |
| until / till | пока не / до тех пор пока | Wait until I come back. |
| as soon as | как только | I'll call as soon as I arrive. |
| once | как только / раз уж | Once you finish, we can leave. |
| by the time | к тому времени как | By the time we arrived, the film had started. |
| since | с тех пор как | Since I moved here, I've been happy. |
Главная ловушка времени: будущее в when/while/after/before/as soon as/until/once
Правило: в придаточном времени никогда не используется will. Будущее выражается через Present Simple.
| Неправильно | Правильно |
|---|---|
| When I will arrive, I'll call you. | When I arrive, I'll call you. |
| I'll wait until he will come back. | I'll wait until he comes back. |
| As soon as I will know, I'll tell you. | As soon as I know, I'll tell you. |
| Before you will leave, lock the door. | Before you leave, lock the door. |
В русском «когда приеду» — будущее. В английском в этом месте — настоящее. Запомни: после союзов времени главная часть может быть в будущем (I'll call), а придаточная — только в настоящем (when I arrive).
Часть 3: Придаточные причины
| Союз | Значение | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| because | потому что | I stayed because I was tired. |
| since | поскольку, раз уж | Since you're here, help me. |
| as | поскольку | As it was late, we went to bed. |
Разница
| Союз | Когда выбирать |
|---|---|
| because | прямая, новая причина — главное в предложении |
| since / as | причина известна / очевидна — больше «раз уж», «поскольку» |
Запомни: because отвечает на прямой вопрос Why?. Since и as — не отвечают, они вводят известный факт.
Because + clause vs Because of + noun
Различай две структуры:
- Because + полное предложение (с подлежащим и сказуемым): Because it was raining, we stayed home.
- Because of + существительное / -ing: Because of the rain, we stayed home.
| Английский | Русский | Структура |
|---|---|---|
| I left because I was tired. | Я ушёл, потому что устал. | because + clause |
| I left because of my tiredness. | Я ушёл из-за усталости. | because of + noun |
| The flight was cancelled because the weather was bad. | Рейс отменили, потому что погода была плохая. | because + clause |
| The flight was cancelled because of the bad weather. | Рейс отменили из-за плохой погоды. | because of + noun |
Та же логика для due to и owing to (формальные синонимы because of):
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| Due to heavy traffic, we were late. | Из-за пробок мы опоздали. |
| Owing to the storm, the flight was delayed. | По причине шторма рейс задержали. |
Часть 4: Придаточные цели и результата
Тонкая разница: цель — зачем что-то делается (намерение); результат — что вышло.
Цель: so that, in order to, to
| Союз | Структура | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| so that | + clause (с can/could/will/would) | I spoke slowly so that they could understand. |
| in order to | + bare Inf (формально) | She left early in order to catch the train. |
| to | + bare Inf (нейтрально) | She left early to catch the train. |
Правило: если подлежащее в обеих частях одно и то же — используй to / in order to + Inf. Если разное — so that + clause.
| Подлежащее одно | Подлежащее разное |
|---|---|
| I study to pass the exam. (я учусь, я сдаю) | I explained slowly so that he could understand. (я объяснил, он понял) |
| She works to support her family. | I gave him the key so that he could enter. |
Отрицательная цель: so that … not, in order not to, to not (реже)
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| I left early so that I wouldn't be late. | Я ушёл рано, чтобы не опоздать. |
| I left early in order not to be late. | Я ушёл рано, чтобы не опоздать. |
| Be quiet so that you don't wake the baby. | Тише, чтобы не разбудить ребёнка. |
Результат: so + adj/adv + that, such + (a) + noun + that
| Структура | Пример |
|---|---|
| so + adj/adv + that | It was so cold that we couldn't go out. |
| so + much/many + N + that | I have so much work that I can't sleep. |
| such + (a) + adj + noun + that | It was such a long film that we left early. |
| such + adj + plural/uncountable + that | She gave such good advice that I followed it. |
Тест: so cold (прилагательное), но such a cold day (существительное с прилагательным).
Часть 5: Придаточные контраста / уступки
Это та часть урока, где русскоговорящие чаще всего путаются — потому что у каждой английской связки своя структура.
| Союз | Что после него идёт | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| although / though | + полное предложение | Although it was raining, we went out. |
| even though | + полное предложение (усиленно) | Even though he was tired, he kept working. |
| despite / in spite of | + существительное / -ing | Despite the rain, we went out. |
| while / whereas | + полное предложение (контраст) | I like tea, while he prefers coffee. |
| however | наречие в начале нового предложения | It was cold. However, we went out. |
Главная путаница: although vs despite
Запомни как формулу:
- although + clause (subject + verb): Although it was raining, we went out.
- despite + noun / -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. / Despite being tired, he worked.
| Английский | Русский | Структура |
|---|---|---|
| Although he was tired, he kept working. | Хотя он устал, продолжал работать. | although + clause |
| Despite being tired, he kept working. | Несмотря на усталость, продолжал работать. | despite + -ing |
| Despite his tiredness, he kept working. | Несмотря на усталость, продолжал работать. | despite + noun |
| In spite of the cold, we went out. | Несмотря на холод, мы вышли. | in spite of + noun |
Чтобы превратить «although» в «despite»:
- Although it was cold, … → Despite the cold, … (clause → noun)
- Although she was tired, … → Despite being tired, … (be → being)
Чтобы добавить «факт того, что»: despite the fact that + clause — формально, но позволяет поставить clause: Despite the fact that he was tired, he worked. Это редко используется, обычно проще взять although.
while / whereas — контраст между двумя ситуациями
Это контраст «А — так, а Б — этак»:
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| I like coffee, while my sister prefers tea. | Я люблю кофе, а сестра — чай. |
| Whereas he is quiet, his brother is loud. | В то время как он тих, его брат шумный. |
Заметь: while имеет ДВА значения — «пока» (время) и «тогда как» (контраст). Различай по контексту. While I was reading — пока я читал (время). While I prefer A, he prefers B — тогда как я предпочитаю А, он — Б (контраст).
however — наречие, не союз
However связывает два отдельных предложения, через точку или точку с запятой. После него — запятая.
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| It was raining. However, we went out. | Шёл дождь. Однако мы вышли. |
| The film was long; however, it was very good. | Фильм был долгим; однако очень хорошим. |
Не путай: but — внутри одного предложения. However — между двумя.
Словарь урока
- whenкогда
- whileпока (одновременно)
- asв то время как, по мере
- beforeдо того как
- afterпосле того как
- until / tillпока не
- as soon asкак только
- onceкак только / раз уж
- by the timeк тому времени как
- sinceс тех пор как
- becauseпотому что
- because ofиз-за
- sinceпоскольку, раз уж
- asпоскольку
- due toпо причине (формально)
- owing toблагодаря, по причине (формально)
- to + Infчтобы
- in order to + Infс тем чтобы
- so that + clauseдля того чтобы
- so + adj + thatтак … что
- such + N + thatтакой … что
- althoughхотя
- thoughхотя (чуть менее формально)
- even thoughхотя даже
- despiteнесмотря на
- in spite ofнесмотря на
- while / whereasв то время как (контраст)
- howeverоднако
| Немецкий | Перевод | |
|---|---|---|
when | когда | |
while | пока (одновременно) | |
as | в то время как, по мере | |
before | до того как | |
after | после того как | |
until / till | пока не | |
as soon as | как только | |
once | как только / раз уж | |
by the time | к тому времени как | |
since | с тех пор как | |
because | потому что | |
because of | из-за | |
since | поскольку, раз уж | |
as | поскольку | |
due to | по причине (формально) | |
owing to | благодаря, по причине (формально) | |
to + Inf | чтобы | |
in order to + Inf | с тем чтобы | |
so that + clause | для того чтобы | |
so + adj + that | так … что | |
such + N + that | такой … что | |
although | хотя | |
though | хотя (чуть менее формально) | |
even though | хотя даже | |
despite | несмотря на | |
in spite of | несмотря на | |
while / whereas | в то время как (контраст) | |
however | однако |
Полный словарь
557 записей
Прочитай задание, введи ответ по-английски и нажми «Проверить». Сначала идёт локальная проверка; в сложных случаях запрашиваем подсказку у Claude. Прогресс сохраняется автоматически.
🔊 УпражненияОткроет ответы упражнений во внешнем приложении — изучай со звуком и пословным разбором.Упражнение 1. Although или despite?
Заполни пропуск:
Упражнение 2. Because или because of?
Упражнение 3. Будущее или настоящее в придаточном времени?
Выбери правильную форму:
Упражнение 4. So that или in order to?
Выбери правильную связку (зависит от того, одно подлежащее или разные):
Упражнение 5. Перепиши предложения
Замени although на despite (или наоборот):
Упражнение 6. So или such?
Упражнение 7. Переведи на английский
Упражнение 8. Диалог — прогони вслух
—
Why didn't you come to the party last night? —Because I was too tired. I'd worked all day. —You should have come. It was such a good evening that everyone stayed late. —Although I wanted to come, I knew I wouldn't enjoy it. —Despite being tired, you could have come for an hour. —I'll come next time, as soon as I have more energy. —Good. I'll let you know when we plan the next one. —Thanks. And tell me before you send the invitations, so that I can plan ahead.
Свободное упражнение — без автопроверки. Проговори ответы вслух и иди дальше.
Нужно ещё практики? Claude составит новое упражнение из 10 заданий по словарю и теме урока.
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Тексты для аудирования
Три варианта на каждый урок. Открой в glottos.com для аудио с синхронизацией.
Текст AТекст к уроку 38: A rainy weekend🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Last weekend was supposed to be sunny.
- However, it rained from Friday to Sunday.
- Because of the rain, we changed all our plans.
- We had wanted to go to the park.
- But since it was raining, we stayed home.
- Although we were disappointed, we tried to make the best of it.
- While my brother watched a film, I read a book.
- As I was reading, I heard thunder outside.
- The thunder was so loud that the dog hid under the bed.
- Despite the noise, my brother kept watching his film.
- When the rain finally stopped, we went outside for a walk.
- The streets were wet, so we wore our boots.
- We walked until we reached the river.
- By the time we got there, the sun had come out.
- Because the weather was nicer, more people came out too.
- We sat on a bench so that we could rest for a while.
- As soon as the clouds returned, we decided to head back.
- Even though we got a little wet, we enjoyed the walk.
- After we came home, my mother made hot tea.
- Since we were cold, the tea was perfect.
- While we drank the tea, we talked about old memories.
- Although the weekend was rainy, it was good.
- Because we stayed inside, we had time to talk.
- I'd been wanting to talk to my brother for weeks.
- Despite our different schedules, we finally connected.
- As the evening went on, the rain started again.
- We didn't mind, because we were warm and dry.
- Before we went to bed, we played a board game.
- I lost every round, even though I tried my best.
- By the time we slept, I had stopped caring about the score.
Текст BТекст к уроку 38: A small business in trouble🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Maria opened her café three years ago.
- Although she had no experience, she worked hard.
- Because of her hard work, the café became popular.
- In order to keep customers, she added new dishes every month.
- While business was good, she saved every spare penny.
- However, last winter everything changed.
- Due to rising costs, her profit dropped by half.
- Despite cutting expenses, she still struggled to pay rent.
- Since the situation was serious, she asked a friend for advice.
- Her friend suggested raising prices so that she could cover costs.
- Although Maria didn't want to lose regular customers, she had to try.
- She raised the prices by ten percent so that the café could survive.
- Some customers stopped coming because of the new prices.
- However, most people stayed loyal.
- By the time spring arrived, the café was stable again.
- Maria worked even harder than before, in order to keep things going.
- She offered weekend specials so that families would visit on Sunday.
- Even though she was exhausted, she felt grateful.
- As soon as summer came, tourists started arriving.
- Because tourists order more, profit grew quickly.
- Maria hired a young woman so that she could finally rest a little.
- Despite all the worries, the café survived.
- While many other shops in the street closed, hers stayed open.
- As the year went on, she gained new confidence.
- Now she thinks about expanding, although the risks are high.
- She wants to open a second location so that her business can grow.
- Even though she's nervous, she's also excited.
- Whenever she walks into the café, she remembers the hard times.
- Despite the long hours, she's never regretted starting her own business.
- By the time she's fifty, she hopes to own three cafés in the city.
Текст CТекст к уроку 38: A dialogue about a difficult decision🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- So, have you decided whether you'll take the job in London?
- Not yet. Although the salary is good, I'm worried about moving.
- Why are you worried, since you've always wanted to live there?
- Because of my parents. They're getting older, and they need help.
- But your sister lives nearby, so they wouldn't be alone.
- That's true. However, I feel responsible.
- Even though your sister is there, you want to be near them too.
- Exactly. While the job is a great opportunity, family comes first.
- Have you talked to your parents about it?
- Not yet, because I don't want to worry them before I decide.
- I think you should talk to them so that they can give you their opinion.
- You're right. Despite my doubts, they might surprise me.
- They might tell you to take the job, since it's your future.
- Yes, although they would never say it directly.
- Once you talk to them, the decision will be easier.
- As soon as I see them this weekend, I'll bring it up.
- Good. By the time you have to give an answer, you'll know what to do.
- The company wants an answer in two weeks.
- That's plenty of time, even though it doesn't feel like it.
- While I'm thinking, I keep imagining myself in London.
- Do you imagine being happy?
- Yes, but I also imagine missing everyone.
- Because of modern technology, you can stay in touch easily.
- That's true. Despite the distance, we could still see each other often.
- And you can always visit, as often as you want.
- The flights are cheap, so that wouldn't be a problem.
- So the only real issue is your parents.
- Yes. Until I know what they think, I can't really choose.
- Whatever you decide, you have my support.
- Thanks. As soon as I know, I'll call you.
Аудио воспроизводится в glottos.com — открывается в новой вкладке.
Тренировка рта
Главный принцип: 95% — это тренировка рта. Читай каждую строку вслух. Не просто смотри — говори.
Часть 6: Языковые гаммы
🔊 Аудио-практикаГамма 1 — Перепиши через разные связки
Одна мысль — четыре способа выразить. Прогоняй вслух:
He was tired, but he kept working. (но)
Although he was tired, he kept working. (хотя)
Even though he was tired, he kept working. (даже хотя)
Despite being tired, he kept working. (несмотря на)
In spite of his tiredness, he kept working. (несмотря на)
He was tired. However, he kept working. (однако)
Гамма 2 — Причина: пять способов
We stayed home because it was raining. (потому что — нейтрально)
We stayed home since it was raining. (поскольку)
We stayed home as it was raining. (поскольку)
We stayed home because of the rain. (из-за)
Due to the rain, we stayed home. (по причине — формально)
Гамма 3 — Цель: одно подлежащее vs разные
I left early to catch the train. (одно подлежащее)
I left early in order to catch the train. (одно подлежащее, формально)
I left early so that I could catch the train. (одно подлежащее, через so that)
I left early so that they could leave too. (разные подлежащие — обязательно so that)
I gave him a map so that he wouldn't get lost. (разные подлежащие)
Гамма 4 — Время: настоящее вместо будущего
I'll call you when I arrive. (НЕ: when I will arrive)
We'll wait until he comes back. (НЕ: until he will come)
As soon as I know, I'll tell you. (НЕ: as soon as I will know)
Before you leave, lock the door. (НЕ: before you will leave)
After we finish, we'll go out. (НЕ: after we will finish)
Прогоняй каждую гамму по 3 раза вслух.
Часть 7: Языковая матрица
Один задаёт вопрос, другой отвечает через подходящий союз.
| Вопрос | Ответ |
|---|---|
ПЯТЬ ТИПОВ АДВЕРБИАЛЬНЫХ ПРИДАТОЧНЫХ:
1) ВРЕМЯ — отвечают «когда?»
when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as, once,
by the time, since
⚠️ В придаточном времени — ВСЕГДА Present (не will!):
I'll call when I arrive. (НЕ: when I will arrive)
2) ПРИЧИНА — отвечают «почему?»
because + clause — прямая причина (отвечает на Why?)
because of + noun/-ing — короткая «из-за»
since / as + clause — известная причина «раз уж»
due to / owing to + noun — формально
3) ЦЕЛЬ — отвечают «зачем?»
to + Inf — нейтрально, ОДНО подлежащее
in order to + Inf — формально, ОДНО подлежащее
so that + clause + can/would — для РАЗНЫХ подлежащих
Отрицание: in order not to / so that … wouldn't
4) РЕЗУЛЬТАТ — «в результате чего?»
so + adj/adv + that It was so cold that…
such + (a) + N + that It was such a cold day that…
so many/much + N + that I have so much work that…
5) КОНТРАСТ / УСТУПКА — «несмотря на что?»
although / even though + clause — хотя
despite / in spite of + noun/-ing — несмотря на
while / whereas + clause — тогда как (контраст A vs B)
However, … (отдельным предложением) — однако
ALTHOUGH → DESPITE:
Although it was cold, … → Despite the cold, …
Although she was tired, … → Despite being tired, …
⚠️ Despite + noun или -ing. НЕ despite + clause!
⚠️ Despite of — НЕТ. Только despite (без of) или in spite of.
ЗАПЯТАЯ:
Придаточное → главное, [запятая нужна].
Главное → придаточное [запятой нет].
Although it was cold, we went out.
We went out although it was cold.
WHILE — ДВА значения:
While I was reading… — пока (время)
I like A, while he likes B — тогда как (контраст)
ЛОВУШКИ:
* Despite of … — НЕТ, или despite, или in spite of
* Despite + clause — НЕТ, нужно +noun/-ing
* Although + noun — НЕТ, нужно +clause
* When I will … — НЕТ, в придаточном времени Present
* Because of he was tired — НЕТ, нужно because (+clause) либо because of his tiredness (+noun)
Следующий шаг: Урок 39 — Артикли, четвёртый и самый глубокий заход. Тонкие случаи: общая референция, абстрактные существительные, фиксированные выражения (in bed, at home, by car), названия и заведения (go to school vs go to the school).
Повторение в этом уроке:
- R1 → Урок 37: герундий и инфинитив
- R2 → Урок 36: модальные глаголы 2
- R3 → Урок 28: относительные придаточные — другой главный тип сложного предложения
Следующий шаг: Урок 39 — Артикли, четвёртый и самый глубокий заход. Тонкие случаи: общая референция, абстрактные существительные, фиксированные выражения (in bed, at home, by car), названия и заведения (go to school vs go to the school).