Урок 32: Условные предложения 2 — второй и третий (нереальные)
Словарный запас: гипотезы, сожаления, желания
Как работать с этим уроком
- Прочитай правило сдвига времён назад — оно одно и работает для обоих типов (5 минут).
- Прогоняй формулы вслух — if + Past, … would + V и if + Past Perfect, … would have + V3 — пока структура не отскакивает от зубов.
- Переводи письменно — главная ловушка не форма, а распознавание «здесь нужен второй, а не первый».
Хорошая новость: ты уже знаешь все формы. Past Simple — L12, Past Perfect — L25, would — модальный, have + V3 — L21. Этот урок — про сборку известного в новое значение: сдвиг времени назад = сигнал «нереально».
Часть 1: Главная идея — сдвиг времени = сдвиг в нереальность
В L31 ты учил условные про реальность: настоящее время в обеих половинах (нулевой) или настоящее + будущее (первый). Сегодня — два «нереальных» типа.
Принцип: чтобы сказать «это не происходит / не произошло на самом деле», английский сдвигает все времена на один шаг назад.
| Тип | О чём | Формула |
|---|---|---|
| Второй (Second) | нереальное настоящее / нереальное будущее | if + Past Simple, … would + V |
| Третий (Third) | нереальное прошлое | if + Past Perfect, … would have + V3 |
Сравни с реальными условными из L31:
| Реальный (L31) | Нереальный (L32) |
|---|---|
| If it rains, I'll stay. (реально может пойти) | If it rained, I would stay. (но дождя нет) |
| If she comes, I'll be happy. (она может прийти) | If she had come, I would have been happy. (но не пришла) |
Главное: прошедшее время после if во втором условном — это не прошлое. Это настоящее, но воображаемое. Сдвиг назад — сигнал «такого нет».
Часть 2: Второй условный — нереальное настоящее или будущее
Формула: if + Past Simple, … would + V.
Используется, когда говорящий знает, что условие либо не выполнено сейчас, либо маловероятно в будущем. Это гипотеза, мечта, вежливый совет.
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| If I had time, I would go to the gym. | Если бы у меня было время, я бы пошёл в спортзал. (но времени нет) |
| If I were rich, I would buy a house. | Если бы я был богат, я бы купил дом. (но я не богат) |
| If she lived nearby, we would meet often. | Если бы она жила рядом, мы бы часто виделись. (но она живёт далеко) |
| What would you do if you won the lottery? | Что бы ты сделал, если бы выиграл в лотерею? |
| If I knew his number, I would call him. | Если бы я знал его номер, я бы ему позвонил. |
| If you studied more, you would pass. | Если бы ты больше учился, ты бы сдал. (но не учишься) |
Главная мысль: второй условный = «прошедшее время — но речь о сейчас или о маловероятном будущем».
Особый случай: were для всех лиц
Во втором условном после if традиционно используется were во всех лицах, включая I, he, she, it. Не was.
| Формальная норма | В разговорной речи допустимо |
|---|---|
| If I were you, I would talk to her. | If I was you… (но звучит хуже) |
| If he were here, he would help. | If he was here… |
В фиксированной фразе всегда were: If I were you… — «На твоём месте…». Это самое частое употребление второго условного, и тут was почти не услышишь.
Что вместо would
В главной части второго условного вместо would могут стоять could (мог бы) или might (возможно, бы):
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| If I had a car, I could drive you home. | Если бы у меня была машина, я бы мог отвезти тебя домой. |
| If we left now, we might catch the train. | Если бы мы вышли сейчас, возможно, мы бы успели на поезд. |
Часть 3: Третий условный — нереальное прошлое
Формула: if + Past Perfect, … would have + V3.
Используется, когда говорящий знает: в прошлом этого не было, поэтому и результата не было. Это сожаление, упрёк, разбор «что было бы, если бы».
| Английский | Русский |
|---|---|
| If I had known, I would have come. | Если бы я знал, я бы пришёл. (но не знал — поэтому не пришёл) |
| If she had studied, she would have passed. | Если бы она училась, она бы сдала. (но не училась — не сдала) |
| If you had told me, I would have helped you. | Если бы ты мне сказал, я бы тебе помог. |
| If we hadn't left so late, we wouldn't have missed the train. | Если бы мы не ушли так поздно, не опоздали бы на поезд. |
| If I had been there, I would have called the police. | Если бы я был там, я бы вызвал полицию. |
| What would you have done if you had seen the accident? | Что бы ты сделал, если бы увидел аварию? |
Главная мысль: третий условный = «обе части смотрят в прошлое, и обе говорят: этого не случилось».
Как разобрать форму
would have come = would + have + come (третья форма глагола).
- would — модальный «бы»
- have — вспомогательный для перфекта
- come — V3 (причастие прошедшего времени)
Произносится в речи как would've [wʊdəv]. На письме would've встречается, на слух — постоянно.
| Полная форма | Сокращение |
|---|---|
| I would have gone | I would've gone / I'd have gone |
| She would not have known | She wouldn't have known |
Ловушка слуха: would've русским ухом часто слышится как would of (и так же по ошибке пишут даже носители!). Это не предлог of — это сокращение от have. Запомни на письме: всегда would have.
Часть 4: Сравнение всех четырёх условных в одном месте
Это сводная таблица. Запомни её как карту.
| Тип | If-часть | Главная часть | Значение |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Present | Present | общая истина |
| 1 | Present | will + V | реальное будущее |
| 2 | Past | would + V | нереальное настоящее / будущее |
| 3 | Past Perfect | would have + V3 | нереальное прошлое |
Сравни одно и то же содержание во всех четырёх типах:
| Тип | Пример |
|---|---|
| 0 | If I have money, I spend it. (общая привычка) |
| 1 | If I have money tomorrow, I'll buy it. (реально завтра) |
| 2 | If I had money, I would buy it. (сейчас денег нет) |
| 3 | If I had had money, I would have bought it. (тогда не было — не купил) |
Сдвиг шкалы: один шаг назад во времени = один шаг в нереальность. Это и есть «backshift» — главная техника английских условных, wish-конструкций (L33) и косвенной речи (L35).
Часть 5: Would — модальный «бы», но не только
Слово would — главный сигнал нереальности в обоих условных. У него три ключевых смысла:
| Смысл | Пример |
|---|---|
| Гипотеза «бы» (как в условных) | I would help you. |
| Вежливый запрос | Would you open the window? |
| Привычка в прошлом | When I was a child, we would visit grandma every Sunday. |
Сегодня нас интересует первый смысл. Запомни: would + базовый глагол = «сделал бы».
Отрицание и вопрос
- I wouldn't go there. — я бы не пошёл
- Would you do it? — ты бы это сделал?
- What would you do? — что бы ты сделал?
Словарь урока
🔊 Выучи словаОткроет словарь урока во внешнем приложении: карточки со звуком, поиск, заметки.
- wouldбы (модальный)
- couldмог бы
- mightвозможно бы
- to wishжелать; сожалеть
- if onlyесли бы только
- to regretсожалеть
- regretсожаление
- to imagineпредставлять, воображать
- imaginationвоображение
- hypotheticalгипотетический
- scenarioсценарий
- situationситуация
- circumstancesобстоятельства
- chanceшанс, возможность
- opportunityвозможность, случай
- to miss a chanceупустить шанс
- to take a chanceрискнуть
- to change one's mindпередумать
- to be in someone's shoesбыть на чьём-то месте
- to win the lotteryвыиграть в лотерею
- to dream ofмечтать о
- to considerрассмотреть, обдумать
- to decideрешать
- to chooseвыбирать
- choiceвыбор
- decisionрешение
- mistakeошибка
- faultвина
- blameвинить
- otherwiseиначе, в противном случае
| Немецкий | Перевод | |
|---|---|---|
would | бы (модальный) | |
could | мог бы | |
might | возможно бы | |
to wish | желать; сожалеть | |
if only | если бы только | |
to regret | сожалеть | |
regret | сожаление | |
to imagine | представлять, воображать | |
imagination | воображение | |
hypothetical | гипотетический | |
scenario | сценарий | |
situation | ситуация | |
circumstances | обстоятельства | |
chance | шанс, возможность | |
opportunity | возможность, случай | |
to miss a chance | упустить шанс | |
to take a chance | рискнуть | |
to change one's mind | передумать | |
to be in someone's shoes | быть на чьём-то месте | |
to win the lottery | выиграть в лотерею | |
to dream of | мечтать о | |
to consider | рассмотреть, обдумать | |
to decide | решать | |
to choose | выбирать | |
choice | выбор | |
decision | решение | |
mistake | ошибка | |
fault | вина | |
blame | винить | |
otherwise | иначе, в противном случае |
Полный словарь
557 записей
Прочитай задание, введи ответ по-английски и нажми «Проверить». Сначала идёт локальная проверка; в сложных случаях запрашиваем подсказку у Claude. Прогресс сохраняется автоматически.
🔊 УпражненияОткроет ответы упражнений во внешнем приложении — изучай со звуком и пословным разбором.Упражнение 1. Определи тип условного
1.<say>If I had a car, I would drive you home.</say>
2.<say>If I had had a car, I would have driven you home.</say>
3.<say>If you don't hurry, you'll be late.</say>
4.<say>If you mix red and blue, you get purple.</say>
5.<say>If she had told me, I would have helped.</say>
6.<say>If she told me, I would help.</say>
Упражнение 2. Поставь глаголы в нужную форму (второй условный)
1.<say>If I (be) ___ you, I (talk) ___ to him.</say>
2.<say>If she (know) ___ the answer, she (tell) ___ us.</say>
3.<say>What you (do) ___ if you (win) ___ a million?</say>
4.<say>If we (have) ___ more time, we (visit) ___ the museum.</say>
5.<say>He (be) ___ happier if he (live) ___ in the country.</say>
6.<say>If I (speak) ___ Chinese, I (work) ___ in Beijing.</say>
Упражнение 3. Поставь глаголы в нужную форму (третий условный)
1.<say>If I (know) ___ , I (come) ___ earlier.</say>
2.<say>She (pass) ___ the exam if she (study) ___ harder.</say>
3.<say>If we (leave) ___ on time, we (not miss) ___ the train.</say>
4.<say>What you (do) ___ if you (see) ___ the accident?</say>
5.<say>He (help) ___ us if we (ask) ___ him.</say>
6.<say>If they (be) ___ more careful, the mistake (not happen) ___ .</say>
Упражнение 4. Найди ошибку
1.<say>If I would have time, I would call you.</say>
2.<say>If she would know, she would tell us.</say>
3.<say>If I was you, I would say yes.</say>
4.<say>If he had known, he would came.</say>
5.<say>If we would have left earlier, we would have caught the train.</say>
6.<say>What you would do if you won a million?</say>
Упражнение 5. Переведи на английский
1.Если бы у меня было время, я бы пошёл с тобой.
2.Если бы я знал, я бы пришёл.
3.На твоём месте я бы сказал ей правду.
4.Если бы она училась усерднее, она бы сдала экзамен.
5.Что бы ты сделал, если бы выиграл в лотерею?
6.Если бы мы не опоздали, мы бы успели на самолёт.
7.Если бы я был богат, я бы путешествовал по миру.
8.Я бы помог тебе, если бы мог.
9.Если бы он мне сказал, я бы знал.
10.Что бы ты сделал, если бы был на моём месте?
Упражнение 6. Прогон вслух — мини-диалог
—
If I won the lottery, I'd buy a small island. —An island? Really? What would you do there? —I'd read books and swim every morning. What about you? —If I had that much money, I'd give half to charity. —That's noble. What would you do with the other half? —I'd travel. I've always wanted to see Japan.
Найди все формы второго условного. Подсказка: их шесть.
Свободное упражнение — без автопроверки. Проговори ответы вслух и иди дальше.
Нужно ещё практики? Claude составит новое упражнение из 10 заданий по словарю и теме урока.
Сгенерировано: 0 из 5
Тексты для аудирования
Три варианта на каждый урок. Открой в glottos.com для аудио с синхронизацией.
Текст AТекст к уроку 32: If I were you🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
Текст A
Текст к уроку 32: If I were you
- If I had more time, I would travel more.
- If I were rich, I would buy a small house by the sea.
- If I knew his number, I would call him right now.
- If she lived closer, we would meet every weekend.
- If I were you, I would talk to her honestly.
- What would you do if you won the lottery?
- If I had a car, I would drive everywhere.
- If we lived in a warmer country, life would be easier.
- If he spoke English, he would find a better job.
- If I were the boss, I would change a lot of things.
- If you asked me, I would tell you the truth.
- If I could fly, I would go to the moon.
- If we had more money, we would help our friends.
- If she trusted me, things would be different.
- If I were taller, I would play basketball.
- If you studied more, you would pass easily.
- If I were younger, I would start a new career.
- If we worked together, we would finish faster.
- If I had a dog, I would walk every morning.
- If she came tonight, the party would be perfect.
- What would you say if I asked you to marry me?
- If I were in your place, I would say yes.
- If I lived alone, I would be very bored.
- If the weather were warmer, we would swim.
- If he loved her, he would call her every day.
- If I had a chance, I would learn three languages.
- If we had a garden, we would grow tomatoes.
- If I were free tonight, I would join you.
- If she knew how I felt, she would understand.
- If we left now, we might catch the last bus.
Текст BТекст к уроку 32: If I had known🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
Текст B
Текст к уроку 32: If I had known
- If I had known, I would have come earlier.
- If she had studied, she would have passed the exam.
- If we had left on time, we would have caught the train.
- If you had told me, I would have helped you.
- If they had invited us, we would have gone to the party.
- If I had seen the message, I would have answered.
- If he had been more careful, the accident would not have happened.
- If we had booked the tickets earlier, we would have got better seats.
- If she had stayed in school, she would have become a doctor.
- If I had eaten less, I wouldn't have felt sick.
- If he had asked, I would have said yes.
- If we had taken a map, we wouldn't have got lost.
- If she had not lied, we would still be friends.
- If I had brought my umbrella, I wouldn't have got wet.
- If you had practiced, you would have won the match.
- If they had listened to me, the project would have succeeded.
- If I had had your phone, I would have called you.
- If we had moved to London, our life would have changed.
- If she had married him, she would have been miserable.
- If I had saved money, I could have bought the apartment.
- If we had warned them, the disaster would have been avoided.
- If he had been honest, I would have forgiven him.
- If they had checked the figures, they would have spotted the error.
- If I had slept better, I would have done a good job.
- If she had taken the offer, her career would have grown.
- If we had stayed longer, we would have seen the show.
- If I had been there, I would have helped.
- If he had spoken up, things would be different now.
- If we had bought the house then, we would be rich today.
- What would you have done if you had been in my place?
Текст CТекст к уроку 32: A conversation about choices🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
Текст C
Текст к уроку 32: A conversation about choices
- What would you do if you could start your life again?
- I would study music if I had the chance.
- Really? I thought you wanted to be a lawyer.
- I did, but if I were honest, music is my real passion.
- So why didn't you choose it the first time?
- If my parents had supported me, I would have tried.
- But they wanted you to have a stable career, right?
- Yes. If I had been braver, I would have gone my own way.
- What about now? You could still change your career.
- If I left my job, my family would lose everything.
- I understand. If I were in your place, I would feel the same.
- Some people would say it's never too late to change.
- True. If I had more time, I would take guitar lessons.
- You could start small. If you practiced an hour a day, it would add up.
- Maybe. If I had not given up so easily before, I would be a real musician now.
- That's a mixed feeling, isn't it?
- Yes. And if you had become a teacher, would you be happy now?
- Probably yes. If I had chosen teaching, I would have helped many kids.
- But you have helped me. If you hadn't given me that advice, I would have failed.
- I'm glad I did. If I could give one more piece of advice, what would you want to hear?
- Tell me what you would do if you were thirty again.
- I would take more risks. If I had taken risks, life would be very different.
- And what would you not change?
- The people I love. If I lost them, nothing else would matter.
- That's beautiful.
- If everyone thought like that, the world would be kinder.
- If we hadn't met today, I would have missed this conversation.
- Me too. If you ever need to talk again, just call.
- I will. If you had more evenings free, we would meet more often.
- Then let's plan one. If we set a date now, we won't forget.
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Тренировка рта
Главный принцип: 95% — это тренировка рта. Читай каждую строку вслух. Не просто смотри — говори.
Часть 7: Языковые гаммы
🔊 Аудио-практикаГамма 1 — второй условный, прогон по лицам
If I had time, I would call you.
If you had time, you would call me.
If he had time, he would call us.
If she had time, she would call us.
If we had time, we would call you.
If they had time, they would call us.
Гамма 2 — If I were…, прогон через лица
If I were you, I would speak up.
If I were rich, I would travel the world.
If I were younger, I would learn three languages.
If I were the boss, I would change the rules.
If I were in your place, I would say yes.
Гамма 3 — третий условный
If I had known, I would have come.
If you had known, you would have come.
If he had known, he would have come.
If she had known, she would have come.
If we had known, we would have come.
If they had known, they would have come.
Гамма 4 — сокращённая речь
I'd help you if I could. (= I would help)
He'd have come if he'd known. (= He would have come if he had known)
We'd have stayed if it'd been warmer.
Часть 8: Языковая матрица
Матрица 1 — гипотеза в настоящем
| Вопрос | Ответ |
|---|---|
Матрица 2 — сожаление о прошлом
| Вопрос | Ответ |
|---|---|
УСЛОВНЫЕ 2 И 3 — ОБА ПРО НЕРЕАЛЬНОСТЬ
ВТОРОЙ (нереальное настоящее / маловероятное будущее):
if + Past Simple, … would + V
If I had time, I would call you.
If I were you, I would say yes.
ТРЕТИЙ (нереальное прошлое):
if + Past Perfect, … would have + V3
If I had known, I would have come.
If she had studied, she would have passed.
ПРИНЦИП СДВИГА НАЗАД (backshift):
Один шаг времени назад = один шаг в нереальность.
реально | нереально
---------|------------
Present → Past (второй условный)
Past → Past Perfect (третий условный)
ВАРИАНТЫ В ГЛАВНОЙ ЧАСТИ:
Второй: would / could / might + V
If we left now, we might catch the bus.
Третий: would have / could have / might have + V3
If we had left earlier, we could have caught it.
WERE ДЛЯ ВСЕХ ЛИЦ (формально):
If I were you, … (НЕ "If I was you" формально)
If he were here, … (но в разговоре *was* допускается)
В фиксированной фразе "If I were you…" — только were.
ГЛАВНЫЕ ЛОВУШКИ ДЛЯ РУССКОГОВОРЯЩЕГО:
1. После if НЕ ставь "would" / "would have".
НЕ: If I would have time…
НАДО: If I had time…
НЕ: If I would have known…
НАДО: If I had known…
2. В третьем условном — V3 (causal participle), не V2.
НЕ: would came
НАДО: would have come
3. "Would've" звучит как "would of" — это НЕ предлог.
На письме всегда would have.
СОКРАЩЕНИЯ В РЕЧИ:
I would have → I would've / I'd have
she had → she'd
would not have → wouldn't have
Следующий шаг: Урок 33 — I wish / if only, смешанные условные и другие нереальные конструкции (it's time, would rather). Тот же сдвиг времени назад в чуть другой обёртке.
Следующий шаг: Урок 33 — I wish / if only, смешанные условные и другие нереальные конструкции (it's time, would rather). Тот же сдвиг времени назад в чуть другой обёртке.