Lektion 40: Architektur des komplexen Satzes

Teil 1: Schichten des komplexen Satzes

Ein komplexer englischer Satz baut sich aus „Schichten". In einem Satz können mehrere Schichten gleichzeitig sein.

Schicht	Woher	Womit angeschlossen
Hauptsatz	Basis	Subjekt + Prädikat
Relativsatz	L28	who, which, that, where, whose
Adverbialsatz	L38	because, although, when, so that…
Bedingungssatz	L31–33	if, unless
Indirekte Rede	L35	said that, asked if
Passiv	L34	be + V3
Gerundium / Infinitiv	L37	-ing / to + Inf

Ein langer Satz ist ein Hauptsatz + mehrere Schichten. Ziel auf C1 — solche Sätze natürlich zu bauen, ohne die Klarheit zu verlieren.

Beispiel des Anwachsens

Nehmen wir eine einfache Idee und lassen sie wachsen:

1. The book is interesting.
2. The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
3. The book that I bought yesterday at the bookshop is interesting.
4. The book that I bought yesterday at the bookshop, which is owned by my friend, is interesting.
5. Although the book that I bought yesterday at the bookshop, which is owned by my friend, was expensive, it is interesting.
6. Although the book that I had bought the day before at the bookshop, which is owned by my friend, had been very expensive, she told me it was worth every penny.

Beachte: auf jeder Stufe kommt eine Schicht dazu, aber der Hauptsatz („The book is interesting" → „she told me it was worth every penny") bleibt erkennbar. Das ist Architektur.

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Teil 2: Zeitenfolge — das Hauptrisiko im langen Satz

Wenn ein Satz mehrere Verben enthält, müssen alle zeitlich zusammenpassen. Das ist der häufigste C1-Fehler.

Backshift-Regel in indirekter Rede (Wiederholung aus L35)

Wenn das Hauptverb in der Vergangenheit steht, rutschen alle Nebensatz-Verben um „einen Schritt zurück":

Direkte Rede	Indirekt (Hauptverb in Vergangenheit)
"I am tired."	He said (that) he was tired.
"I work here."	She said (that) she worked there.
"I have finished."	He said (that) he had finished.
"I will come."	She said (that) she would come.
"I saw him."	He said (that) he had seen him.

Regel in Bedingungssätzen

Konditionalsätze „verschieben" sich nicht — sie haben ihre eigene Zeitenstruktur, die man nicht brechen darf:

Typ	If-clause	Main clause
Zero	Present	Present
1st	Present	will + V
2nd	Past (would)	would + V
3rd	Past Perfect	would have + V3

Zeitenfolge im langen Satz — Beispiel

If she had told me earlier that the book had been stolen, I would have called the police immediately, although I knew that they probably wouldn't be able to do much.

Zerlegen wir nach Schichten:

• If she had told me earlier — if-clause (3rd conditional, Past Perfect)
• that the book had been stolen — indirekte Rede, Vorvergangenheit
• I would have called the police immediately — main clause 3rd conditional
• although I knew — Adverbialsatz (Kontrast), Past Simple
• that they probably wouldn't be able to do much — indirekte Rede nach knew, would verschiebt sich nicht

Hauptmethode: identifiziere den „Anker" — das Hauptverb. Von ihm aus berechne den Shift aller anderen.

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Teil 3: Sieben Typen komplexer Sätze

Das sind fünf bis sieben typische „Architekturen" für C1 — lerne, sie zu bauen.

Typ 1: Hauptsatz + Relativsatz + Adverbialsatz

The man who lives next door complained about the noise because he couldn't sleep.

Struktur: Subject [relative clause] verb [adverbial clause].

Typ 2: Bedingungssatz + Hauptsatz mit indirekter Rede

If he had known that the meeting had been cancelled, he wouldn't have come.

Struktur: If-clause [reported speech], main clause.

Typ 3: Adverbialsatz + Hauptsatz mit Passiv

Although the report was finished on time, it was rejected by the committee because it had been written in a hurry.

Struktur: Adverbial, main (passive) [reason adverbial with passive].

Typ 4: Hauptsatz + Relativsatz (non-defining) mit Passiv

The book, which was written by a famous author, became a bestseller.

Struktur: Subject, [non-defining passive relative], main verb.

Typ 5: Hauptsatz + Gerundium + Zweck

She refused to attend the meeting in order to avoid being questioned about the incident.

Struktur: Hauptverb + Infinitiv + Zweck + Gerundium nach Präposition.

Typ 6: Reported question im Bedingungssatz

If you ask me whether I think it will rain, I'll say I have no idea.

Struktur: indirekte Frage (whether/if) innerhalb des Konditionalsatzes Typ 1.

Typ 7: Mixed conditional + reported

If she had listened to what they had told her, she would still be working there now.

Struktur: gemischter Konditional (unwirkliche Vergangenheit → unwirkliche Gegenwart) + reported.

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Teil 4: Diskursverbinder für lange Rede

Um einen langen Text „zusammenhängend" zu halten, brauchst du Diskursmarker — mehr als nur einfache Konjunktionen.

Hinzufügung / Erweiterung

Englisch	Deutsch
moreover	außerdem, darüber hinaus
furthermore	weiterhin, zudem
in addition	zusätzlich
besides	außerdem
not only … but also	nicht nur … sondern auch

Kontrast

Englisch	Deutsch
however	allerdings, jedoch
nevertheless	dennoch
nonetheless	nichtsdestotrotz
on the contrary	im Gegenteil
on the other hand	andererseits
by contrast	im Gegensatz dazu

Grund und Folge

Englisch	Deutsch
therefore	daher
consequently	folglich
as a result	infolgedessen
thus	so, somit
hence	daher
for this reason	aus diesem Grund

Schluss

Englisch	Deutsch
in conclusion	abschließend
to sum up	zusammenfassend
overall	insgesamt
in short	kurz gesagt
all in all	alles in allem

Präzisierung

Englisch	Deutsch
in other words	mit anderen Worten
that is to say	das heißt
namely	nämlich
for instance	zum Beispiel
specifically	insbesondere

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Teil 5: Sprachgymnastik — Anwachsen

Gymnastik 1 — Eine These, verschiedene Schichten

Gehe laut durch und beobachte, wie ein einfacher Gedanke Schicht für Schicht anwächst:

The car was stolen.
The car that I had bought last year was stolen.
The car that I had bought last year was stolen last night.
The car that I had bought last year was stolen last night while we were sleeping.
Although we had locked the garage, the car that I had bought last year was stolen
   last night while we were sleeping.
Although we had locked the garage, the car that I had bought last year, which had
   cost me a fortune, was stolen last night while we were sleeping.
The police told us that, although we had locked the garage, the car that I had
   bought last year, which had cost me a fortune, had been stolen because the
   alarm hadn't been working properly.

Gymnastik 2 — Indirekte Rede im Bedingungssatz

If I knew where they had gone, I would tell you.
If I had known where they had gone, I would have told you.
If she asks me what time the meeting starts, I'll tell her it begins at three.
If you wonder why the report was rejected, I think it was because it had been
   written in a hurry.

Gymnastik 3 — Diskursverbinder

The plan was good. However, we ran out of money.
The plan was good. Nevertheless, we ran out of money.
The plan was good. On the other hand, we had no real budget.
The plan was good. Furthermore, everyone supported it.
The plan was good. Therefore, we decided to proceed.
The plan was good. In conclusion, it deserves another chance.

Gehe jede Gymnastik dreimal laut durch.

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