Lektion 38: Adverbiale Nebensätze und Konnektoren · English

So arbeitest du mit dieser Lektion

Lies — verstehe, dass jeder Konnektor seine eigene „Spezialisierung" hat (Zeit / Grund / Zweck / Kontrast), und dass es Zwillingspaare gibt mit feinem Unterschied (5 Minuten, nicht mehr!)
Sprich laut — gehe die Matrix durch: derselbe Gedanke über verschiedene Konnektoren (because, so, although, despite)
Beschleunige — Paare „Konnektor → Struktur" müssen ohne Nachdenken klappen: because + clause, because of + noun, although + clause, despite + noun/-ing

Regel kennen = 5 %. Mund trainieren = 95 %. Adverbiale Nebensätze sind die zweite Hälfte des komplexen Satzes. Die erste (Relativsätze mit who/which/that) hatten wir in L28. Diese beiden Systeme ergeben zusammen die „erwachsene" englische Syntax.

Teil 1: Was ist ein adverbialer Nebensatz

Ein adverbialer Nebensatz funktioniert wie ein Adverb — er antwortet auf die Fragen wann? warum? wozu? unter welcher Bedingung? trotz wovon?. Er hängt am Hauptsatz über eine subordinierende Konjunktion.

Typ	Frage	Konjunktionen
Zeit	wann? während? bevor?	when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as
Grund	warum?	because, as, since
Zweck	wozu?	so that, in order to, to
Folge	mit welchem Ergebnis?	so… that, such… that, so
Kontrast / Konzessiv	trotz wovon? obwohl?	although, though, even though, while, whereas
Bedingung	unter welcher Bedingung?	if, unless, provided that, in case

Bedingungen (letzte Zeile) haben wir in L31–33 schon abgehakt. In dieser Lektion — die übrigen fünf Typen.

Reihenfolge der Teile und das Komma

Hauptregel der Zeichensetzung: wenn der Nebensatz zuerst kommt, danach Komma. Wenn er zweite Stelle hat, ist im Englischen meist kein Komma nötig.

Reihenfolge	Beispiel
Nebensatz → Hauptsatz	Because it was raining, we stayed home.
Hauptsatz → Nebensatz	We stayed home because it was raining. (kein Komma)
Nebensatz → Hauptsatz	Although he was tired, he kept working.
Hauptsatz → Nebensatz	He kept working although he was tired.

Deutsch-Falle: im Deutschen setzt du immer ein Komma vor einen Nebensatz, egal ob er vorne oder hinten steht. Im Englischen ist das anders: hinten meist KEIN Komma. Streiche dein deutsches Komma-Reflex.

Merke: Komma nötig, wenn der Nebensatz „vorne" steht; nicht nötig, wenn „hinten". Das funktioniert für alle adverbialen Typen, außer while in der Bedeutung „während/wohingegen" (Kontrast) — da steht das Komma meist in beiden Reihenfolgen.

Wortstellung — Achtung! Im Deutschen rutscht das Verb im Nebensatz nach hinten (weil er müde war). Im Englischen bleibt die normale SVO-Reihenfolge: because he was tired. Diese Endstellungs-Falle ist DAS deutsche Erkennungszeichen — sei wachsam.

Teil 2: Temporalsätze

Konjunktion	Bedeutung	Beispiel
when	wenn / als	When I got home, dinner was ready.
while	während (gleichzeitig)	While she was cooking, I read a book.
as	während / je nachdem	As I was walking, I noticed the moon.
before	bevor	Call me before you leave.
after	nachdem	After we ate, we went out.
until / till	bis	Wait until I come back.
as soon as	sobald	I'll call as soon as I arrive.
once	sobald / wenn erst mal	Once you finish, we can leave.
by the time	bis (zum Zeitpunkt, an dem)	By the time we arrived, the film had started.
since	seit	Since I moved here, I've been happy.

Hauptfalle bei Zeitsätzen: Zukunft in when/while/after/before/as soon as/until/once

Regel: in einem Temporalsatz wird niemals will benutzt. Zukunft drückt man über Present Simple aus.

Falsch	Richtig
When I will arrive, I'll call you.	When I arrive, I'll call you.
I'll wait until he will come back.	I'll wait until he comes back.
As soon as I will know, I'll tell you.	As soon as I know, I'll tell you.
Before you will leave, lock the door.	Before you leave, lock the door.

Im Deutschen geht das analog: „wenn ich ankomme" — Präsens trotz Zukunftsbedeutung. Englisch macht es genauso: nach Zeitkonjunktionen Präsens, im Hauptsatz steht Futur. Das ist also eine kleine Heimkehr für Deutschsprachige — kein neuer Knoten.

Teil 3: Kausalsätze

Konjunktion	Bedeutung	Beispiel
because	weil	I stayed because I was tired.
since	da (bekannter Grund)	Since you're here, help me.
as	da	As it was late, we went to bed.

Unterschied

Konjunktion	Wann wählen
because	direkter, neuer Grund — die Hauptaussage
since / as	Grund ist bekannt / offensichtlich — eher „da", „wenn schon"

Merke: because antwortet auf die direkte Frage Why?. Since und as — antworten nicht, sie leiten einen bekannten Fakt ein.

Because + clause vs Because of + noun

Unterscheide zwei Strukturen:

Because + vollständiger Satz (mit Subjekt und Prädikat): Because it was raining, we stayed home.

Because of + Substantiv / -ing: Because of the rain, we stayed home.

Englisch	Deutsch	Struktur
I left because I was tired.	Ich bin gegangen, weil ich müde war.	because + clause
I left because of my tiredness.	Ich bin wegen meiner Müdigkeit gegangen.	because of + noun
The flight was cancelled because the weather was bad.	Der Flug wurde gestrichen, weil das Wetter schlecht war.	because + clause
The flight was cancelled because of the bad weather.	Der Flug wurde wegen des schlechten Wetters gestrichen.	because of + noun

Dieselbe Logik für due to und owing to (formelle Synonyme von because of):

Englisch	Deutsch
Due to heavy traffic, we were late.	Wegen des dichten Verkehrs kamen wir zu spät.
Owing to the storm, the flight was delayed.	Aufgrund des Sturms verzögerte sich der Flug.

Teil 4: Final- und Konsekutivsätze

Feiner Unterschied: Zweck — wozu etwas getan wird (Absicht); Folge — was dabei herauskam.

Zweck: so that, in order to, to

Konjunktion	Struktur	Beispiel
so that	+ clause (mit can/could/will/would)	I spoke slowly so that they could understand.
in order to	+ bare Inf (formell)	She left early in order to catch the train.
to	+ bare Inf (neutral)	She left early to catch the train.

Regel: wenn das Subjekt in beiden Teilen dasselbe ist — nimm to / in order to + Inf. Wenn es unterschiedlich ist — so that + clause.

Subjekt gleich	Subjekt verschieden
I study to pass the exam. (ich lerne, ich bestehe)	I explained slowly so that he could understand. (ich habe erklärt, er hat verstanden)
She works to support her family.	I gave him the key so that he could enter.

Deutsch-Brücke: das deckt sich exakt mit deutschem um zu (gleiches Subjekt) vs damit (verschiedenes Subjekt): Ich gehe früh, um den Zug zu erwischen (gleiches Subjekt → to) vs Ich erkläre langsam, damit er versteht (verschiedenes Subjekt → so that). Die Logik ist eins zu eins — du musst nur die englischen Wörter draufsetzen.

Negative Zwecke: so that … not, in order not to, to not (seltener)

Englisch	Deutsch
I left early so that I wouldn't be late.	Ich bin früh gegangen, damit ich nicht zu spät komme.
I left early in order not to be late.	Ich bin früh gegangen, um nicht zu spät zu kommen.
Be quiet so that you don't wake the baby.	Sei leise, damit du das Baby nicht weckst.

Folge: so + adj/adv + that, such + (a) + noun + that

Struktur	Beispiel
so + adj/adv + that	It was so cold that we couldn't go out.
so + much/many + N + that	I have so much work that I can't sleep.
such + (a) + adj + noun + that	It was such a long film that we left early.
such + adj + plural/uncountable + that	She gave such good advice that I followed it.

Test: so cold (Adjektiv), aber such a cold day (Substantiv mit Adjektiv).

Teil 5: Konzessivsätze / Kontrast

Das ist der Abschnitt, in dem Deutschsprachige am häufigsten stolpern — weil jeder englische Konnektor seine eigene Struktur hat.

Konjunktion	Was darauf folgt	Beispiel
although / though	+ vollständiger Satz	Although it was raining, we went out.
even though	+ vollständiger Satz (verstärkt)	Even though he was tired, he kept working.
despite / in spite of	+ Substantiv / -ing	Despite the rain, we went out.
while / whereas	+ vollständiger Satz (Kontrast)	I like tea, while he prefers coffee.
however	Adverb am Anfang eines neuen Satzes	It was cold. However, we went out.

Hauptverwechslung: although vs despite

Merke als Formel:

although + clause (subject + verb): Although it was raining, we went out.

despite + noun / -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. / Despite being tired, he worked.

Englisch	Deutsch	Struktur
Although he was tired, he kept working.	Obwohl er müde war, arbeitete er weiter.	although + clause
Despite being tired, he kept working.	Trotz Müdigkeit arbeitete er weiter.	despite + -ing
Despite his tiredness, he kept working.	Trotz seiner Müdigkeit arbeitete er weiter.	despite + noun
In spite of the cold, we went out.	Trotz der Kälte gingen wir raus.	in spite of + noun

Deutsch-Brücke: although entspricht obwohl (+ ganzer Satz). Despite entspricht trotz (+ Substantiv). Die Logik ist identisch wie im Deutschen — nur dass im Englischen die Strukturen formal getrennt sind und nicht vermischt werden dürfen.

Um „although" in „despite" zu verwandeln:

Although it was cold, … → Despite the cold, … (clause → Substantiv)

Although she was tired, … → Despite being tired, … (be → being)

Um „die Tatsache, dass" hinzuzufügen: despite the fact that + clause — formell, erlaubt aber einen ganzen Satz: Despite the fact that he was tired, he worked. Wird selten benutzt, meist nimmt man einfach although.

while / whereas — Kontrast zwischen zwei Situationen

Das ist der Kontrast „A ist so, B ist anders":

Englisch	Deutsch
I like coffee, while my sister prefers tea.	Ich mag Kaffee, während meine Schwester Tee bevorzugt.
Whereas he is quiet, his brother is loud.	Während er ruhig ist, ist sein Bruder laut.

Beachte: while hat ZWEI Bedeutungen — „während" (Zeit) und „wohingegen" (Kontrast). Unterscheide nach Kontext. While I was reading — während ich las (Zeit). While I prefer A, he prefers B — wohingegen ich A bevorzuge, er aber B (Kontrast).

however — Adverb, keine Konjunktion

However verbindet zwei eigenständige Sätze, durch Punkt oder Semikolon getrennt. Danach kommt ein Komma.

Englisch	Deutsch
It was raining. However, we went out.	Es regnete. Trotzdem gingen wir raus.
The film was long; however, it was very good.	Der Film war lang; trotzdem war er sehr gut.

Nicht verwechseln: but — innerhalb eines Satzes. However — zwischen zwei Sätzen.

Teil 6: Sprachgymnastik

Gymnastik 1 — Schreibe denselben Gedanken mit verschiedenen Konnektoren

Ein Gedanke — vier Ausdrucksformen. Gehe laut durch:

He was tired, but he kept working.            (aber)
Although he was tired, he kept working.       (obwohl)
Even though he was tired, he kept working.    (auch wenn)
Despite being tired, he kept working.         (trotz)
In spite of his tiredness, he kept working.   (trotz)
He was tired. However, he kept working.       (allerdings)

Gymnastik 2 — Grund: fünf Wege

We stayed home because it was raining.        (weil — neutral)
We stayed home since it was raining.          (da)
We stayed home as it was raining.             (da)
We stayed home because of the rain.           (wegen)
Due to the rain, we stayed home.              (aufgrund — formell)

Gymnastik 3 — Zweck: gleiches Subjekt vs verschieden

I left early to catch the train.              (gleiches Subjekt)
I left early in order to catch the train.     (gleiches Subjekt, formell)
I left early so that I could catch the train. (gleiches Subjekt, über so that)
I left early so that they could leave too.    (verschiedene Subjekte — Pflicht: so that)
I gave him a map so that he wouldn't get lost. (verschiedene Subjekte)

Gymnastik 4 — Zeit: Präsens statt Futur

I'll call you when I arrive.            (NICHT: when I will arrive)
We'll wait until he comes back.         (NICHT: until he will come)
As soon as I know, I'll tell you.       (NICHT: as soon as I will know)
Before you leave, lock the door.        (NICHT: before you will leave)
After we finish, we'll go out.          (NICHT: after we will finish)

Gehe jede Gymnastik dreimal laut durch.

Wortschatz dieser Lektion

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when
wenn / als
while
während (gleichzeitig)
as
während, je nachdem
before
bevor
after
nachdem
until / till
bis
as soon as
sobald
once
sobald / wenn erst mal
by the time
bis zu dem Zeitpunkt, an dem
since
seit
because
weil
because of
wegen
since
da, weil
as
da
due to
aufgrund (formell)
owing to
aufgrund, dank (formell)
to + Inf
um zu
in order to + Inf
um zu (formell)
so that + clause
damit
so + adj + that
so … dass
such + N + that
so ein … dass
although
obwohl
though
obwohl (etwas informeller)
even though
auch wenn
despite
trotz
in spite of
trotz
while / whereas
während, wohingegen (Kontrast)
however
allerdings, jedoch

Französisch	Übersetzung
when	wenn / als
while	während (gleichzeitig)
as	während, je nachdem
before	bevor
after	nachdem
until / till	bis
as soon as	sobald
once	sobald / wenn erst mal
by the time	bis zu dem Zeitpunkt, an dem
since	seit
because	weil
because of	wegen
since	da, weil
as	da
due to	aufgrund (formell)
owing to	aufgrund, dank (formell)
to + Inf	um zu
in order to + Inf	um zu (formell)
so that + clause	damit
so + adj + that	so … dass
such + N + that	so ein … dass
although	obwohl
though	obwohl (etwas informeller)
even though	auch wenn
despite	trotz
in spite of	trotz
while / whereas	während, wohingegen (Kontrast)
however	allerdings, jedoch

Vollständiges Wörterbuch

1,848 Einträge

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Übung 1. Although oder despite?

Lücke füllen:

1.___ the cold, we went swimming.

2.___ it was cold, we went swimming.

3.___ being tired, she finished the report.

4.___ she was tired, she finished the report.

5.___ his hard work, he failed.

6.___ he worked hard, he failed.

Übung 2. Because oder because of?

1.We stayed home ___ the rain.

2.We stayed home ___ it was raining.

3.The flight was cancelled ___ heavy fog.

4.The flight was cancelled ___ there was heavy fog.

5.She couldn't sleep ___ the noise.

6.She couldn't sleep ___ the neighbours were loud.

Übung 3. Zukunft oder Präsens im Temporalsatz?

Wähle die richtige Form:

1.I'll call you when I (arrive / will arrive).

2.We'll start the meeting as soon as everyone (is / will be) here.

3.Wait here until I (come / will come) back.

4.Before you (leave / will leave), please sign the form.

5.After he (finishes / will finish) work, he'll come home.

Übung 4. So that oder in order to?

Wähle den richtigen Konnektor (hängt davon ab, ob das Subjekt gleich oder verschieden ist):

1.I came early ___ help you. (ich / helfe — gleiches Subjekt)

2.I came early ___ you could leave on time. (ich / du — verschieden)

3.She turned the music down ___ wake the baby. (nicht wecken)

4.She turned the music down ___ the baby could sleep. (damit das Baby schlafen kann)

5.He spoke slowly ___ everyone could understand. (damit alle verstehen)

Übung 5. Sätze umschreiben

Ersetze although durch despite (oder umgekehrt):

1.Although it was raining, we went out. → Despite ___

2.Despite his tiredness, he worked. → Although ___

3.Although she's only 12, she speaks four languages. → Despite ___

4.Despite being late, he didn't apologise. → Although ___

Übung 6. So oder such?

1.It was ___ a cold day that we stayed home.

2.The film was ___ long that we left early.

3.She has ___ many books that she needs another shelf.

4.He is ___ funny.

5.They gave ___ good advice that I followed it.

Übung 7. Übersetze ins Englische

1.Ich bin zu Hause geblieben, weil es geregnet hat.

2.Ich bin zu Hause geblieben wegen des Regens.

3.Obwohl er müde war, arbeitete er weiter.

4.Trotz Müdigkeit arbeitete er weiter.

5.Ich rufe an, sobald ich ankomme.

6.Warte, bis ich zurückkomme.

7.Ich bin früh gegangen, um den Zug zu erwischen.

8.Ich sprach langsam, damit alle verstehen.

9.Es war so ein kalter Tag, dass wir zu Hause blieben.

10.Ich mag Tee, meine Schwester aber bevorzugt Kaffee.

Übung 8. Dialog — laut durchgehen

— Why didn't you come to the party last night? — Because I was too tired. I'd worked all day. — You should have come. It was such a good evening that everyone stayed late. — Although I wanted to come, I knew I wouldn't enjoy it. — Despite being tired, you could have come for an hour. — I'll come next time, as soon as I have more energy. — Good. I'll let you know when we plan the next one. — Thanks. And tell me before you send the invitations, so that I can plan ahead.

Offene Übung — keine automatische Prüfung. Sag die Antworten laut und mach weiter.

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Hörtexte

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Text A

Text zu Lektion 38: A rainy weekend

🔊 Audio-Praxis ↗

Last weekend was supposed to be sunny.
However, it rained from Friday to Sunday.
Because of the rain, we changed all our plans.
We had wanted to go to the park.
But since it was raining, we stayed home.
Although we were disappointed, we tried to make the best of it.
While my brother watched a film, I read a book.
As I was reading, I heard thunder outside.
The thunder was so loud that the dog hid under the bed.
Despite the noise, my brother kept watching his film.
When the rain finally stopped, we went outside for a walk.
The streets were wet, so we wore our boots.
We walked until we reached the river.
By the time we got there, the sun had come out.
Because the weather was nicer, more people came out too.
We sat on a bench so that we could rest for a while.
As soon as the clouds returned, we decided to head back.
Even though we got a little wet, we enjoyed the walk.
After we came home, my mother made hot tea.
Since we were cold, the tea was perfect.
While we drank the tea, we talked about old memories.
Although the weekend was rainy, it was good.
Because we stayed inside, we had time to talk.
I'd been wanting to talk to my brother for weeks.
Despite our different schedules, we finally connected.
As the evening went on, the rain started again.
We didn't mind, because we were warm and dry.
Before we went to bed, we played a board game.
I lost every round, even though I tried my best.
By the time we slept, I had stopped caring about the score.

Text B

Text zu Lektion 38: A small business in trouble

🔊 Audio-Praxis ↗

Maria opened her café three years ago.
Although she had no experience, she worked hard.
Because of her hard work, the café became popular.
In order to keep customers, she added new dishes every month.
While business was good, she saved every spare penny.
However, last winter everything changed.
Due to rising costs, her profit dropped by half.
Despite cutting expenses, she still struggled to pay rent.
Since the situation was serious, she asked a friend for advice.
Her friend suggested raising prices so that she could cover costs.
Although Maria didn't want to lose regular customers, she had to try.
She raised the prices by ten percent so that the café could survive.
Some customers stopped coming because of the new prices.
However, most people stayed loyal.
By the time spring arrived, the café was stable again.
Maria worked even harder than before, in order to keep things going.
She offered weekend specials so that families would visit on Sunday.
Even though she was exhausted, she felt grateful.
As soon as summer came, tourists started arriving.
Because tourists order more, profit grew quickly.
Maria hired a young woman so that she could finally rest a little.
Despite all the worries, the café survived.
While many other shops in the street closed, hers stayed open.
As the year went on, she gained new confidence.
Now she thinks about expanding, although the risks are high.
She wants to open a second location so that her business can grow.
Even though she's nervous, she's also excited.
Whenever she walks into the café, she remembers the hard times.
Despite the long hours, she's never regretted starting her own business.
By the time she's fifty, she hopes to own three cafés in the city.

Text C

Text zu Lektion 38: A dialogue about a difficult decision

🔊 Audio-Praxis ↗

So, have you decided whether you'll take the job in London?
Not yet. Although the salary is good, I'm worried about moving.
Why are you worried, since you've always wanted to live there?
Because of my parents. They're getting older, and they need help.
But your sister lives nearby, so they wouldn't be alone.
That's true. However, I feel responsible.
Even though your sister is there, you want to be near them too.
Exactly. While the job is a great opportunity, family comes first.
Have you talked to your parents about it?
Not yet, because I don't want to worry them before I decide.
I think you should talk to them so that they can give you their opinion.
You're right. Despite my doubts, they might surprise me.
They might tell you to take the job, since it's your future.
Yes, although they would never say it directly.
Once you talk to them, the decision will be easier.
As soon as I see them this weekend, I'll bring it up.
Good. By the time you have to give an answer, you'll know what to do.
The company wants an answer in two weeks.
That's plenty of time, even though it doesn't feel like it.
While I'm thinking, I keep imagining myself in London.
Do you imagine being happy?
Yes, but I also imagine missing everyone.
Because of modern technology, you can stay in touch easily.
That's true. Despite the distance, we could still see each other often.
And you can always visit, as often as you want.
The flights are cheap, so that wouldn't be a problem.
So the only real issue is your parents.
Yes. Until I know what they think, I can't really choose.
Whatever you decide, you have my support.
Thanks. As soon as I know, I'll call you.

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Teil 7: Sprachmatrix

Einer stellt die Frage, der andere antwortet mit der passenden Konjunktion.

Frage	Antwort
Why did you stay home?	Because it was raining.
Why was the flight cancelled?	Because of the storm.
When will you call?	As soon as I arrive.
Why did you leave so early?	To catch the train.
Did you go out yesterday?	Yes, although it was very cold.
Why did he say that?	So that everyone could hear.
What happens when it rains?	Until it stops, we wait inside.
Did you finish the project?	Yes, despite the difficulties.
Why is he so tired?	Because he was working all night.
When did the meeting end?	By the time we arrived, it was over.

FÜNF TYPEN ADVERBIALER NEBENSÄTZE:

1) ZEIT — antworten „wann?"
   when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as, once,
   by the time, since
   ⚠️ Im Temporalsatz — IMMER Präsens (nicht will!):
      I'll call when I arrive.  (NICHT: when I will arrive)

2) GRUND — antworten „warum?"
   because + clause           — direkter Grund (Antwort auf Why?)
   because of + noun/-ing     — kurzes „wegen"
   since / as + clause        — bekannter Grund „da"
   due to / owing to + noun   — formell

3) ZWECK — antworten „wozu?"
   to + Inf                   — neutral, GLEICHES Subjekt (= um zu)
   in order to + Inf          — formell, GLEICHES Subjekt
   so that + clause + can/would — für VERSCHIEDENE Subjekte (= damit)
   Verneinung: in order not to / so that … wouldn't

4) FOLGE — „mit welchem Ergebnis?"
   so + adj/adv + that       It was so cold that…
   such + (a) + N + that     It was such a cold day that…
   so many/much + N + that   I have so much work that…

5) KONTRAST / KONZESSIV — „trotz wovon?"
   although / even though + clause       — obwohl
   despite / in spite of + noun/-ing     — trotz
   while / whereas + clause              — wohingegen (Kontrast A vs B)
   However, … (eigenständiger Satz)      — allerdings

ALTHOUGH → DESPITE:
   Although it was cold, …   →  Despite the cold, …
   Although she was tired, …  →  Despite being tired, …
   ⚠️ Despite + noun oder -ing. NICHT despite + clause!
   ⚠️ Despite of — NEIN. Nur despite (ohne of) oder in spite of.

KOMMA:
   Nebensatz → Hauptsatz, [Komma nötig].
   Hauptsatz → Nebensatz [kein Komma].

   Although it was cold, we went out.
   We went out although it was cold.

   ⚠️ Deutsch-Falle: im Deutschen IMMER Komma, im Englischen NICHT
      bei hinten stehendem Nebensatz.

WORTSTELLUNG — Achtung Deutsche!
   Englisch behält SVO auch im Nebensatz: because he was tired
   NICHT: because he tired was (deutsche Endstellung)

WHILE — ZWEI Bedeutungen:
   While I was reading…    — während (Zeit)
   I like A, while he likes B — wohingegen (Kontrast)

FALLEN:
   * Despite of …       — NEIN, entweder despite, oder in spite of
   * Despite + clause   — NEIN, braucht +noun/-ing
   * Although + noun    — NEIN, braucht +clause
   * When I will …      — NEIN, im Temporalsatz Präsens
   * Because of he was tired — NEIN, braucht because (+clause) oder because of his tiredness (+noun)

Nächster Schritt: Lektion 39 — Artikel, vierte und tiefste Runde. Die feinen Fälle: generische Referenz, abstrakte Substantive, feste Wendungen (in bed, at home, by car), Eigennamen und Institutionen (go to school vs go to the school).

Wiederholung in dieser Lektion:

R1 → Lektion 37: Gerundium und Infinitiv

R2 → Lektion 36: Modalverben 2

R3 → Lektion 28: Relativsätze — der andere Haupttyp des komplexen Satzes

Nächste Lektion:Lektion 39: Artikel — vierte und tiefste Runde