Lektion 35: Indirekte Rede

Wie du mit dieser Lektion arbeitest

Lies die Regel der Zeitverschiebung nach hinten bei der Wiedergabe fremder Worte (5 Minuten).
Spiel die Umwandlungen direkter Rede in indirekte Rede laut durch — Paare „direkt → indirekt" je 20 Mal.
Trainiere Fragen und Befehle — sie haben ihre eigene Logik, die separat zu fixieren ist.

Das ist das Finale der „backshift"-Logik. Du hast die Zeitverschiebung nach hinten schon in L32 (Konditionale) und L33 (wish) gesehen. Hier — exakt dasselbe Prinzip, aber für die Wiedergabe fremder Worte. Gute Nachricht: das Schema ist eins, und es ist universell.

Kontrast Deutsch–Englisch: Deutsch hat für die indirekte Rede den Konjunktiv I, vor allem in formaler Schriftsprache: „Er sagte, er sei müde". Englisch hat keinen Konjunktiv I — es nimmt einfach den Backshift: „He said he was tired". Das ist tatsächlich einfacher als das deutsche System — du verschiebst nur die Zeit eine Stufe zurück und hast keine zusätzliche Konjunktiv-Form zu konjugieren. In der gesprochenen Sprache verwendet das Deutsche oft den Indikativ („Er sagte, er ist müde") oder Konjunktiv II („wäre"), aber im Englischen ist Backshift die Standardregel.

Teil 1: Direkte Rede und indirekte Rede — der Hauptkontrast

Direkte Rede — die Worte, die jemand gesagt hat, in Anführungszeichen, wie sie sind:

He said, "I am tired."

Indirekte Rede — die Nacherzählung dieser Worte aus der Perspektive des jetzt Sprechenden:

He said he was tired.

Beim Übergang ändern sich drei Dinge:

Zeit des Verbs — verschiebt sich einen Schritt nach hinten (wenn das einleitende Verb in der Vergangenheit steht).
Pronomen — I → he/she, my → his/her usw.
Zeit- und Ortsangaben — now → then, today → that day, here → there.

Außerdem — fallen die Anführungszeichen weg, und das Wort that (optional) erscheint als Verbinder.

Teil 2: Zeitverschiebung — die Hauptregel des Backshift

Wenn das einleitende Verb (said, told, asked) in Vergangenheit steht, verschiebt sich die Zeit der direkten Rede einen Schritt zurück:

Direkte Rede (was gesagt wurde)	Indirekte Rede (wie wir wiedergeben)
Present Simple →	Past Simple
"I work here."	He said he worked there.
Present Continuous →	Past Continuous
"I am working."	He said he was working.
Present Perfect →	Past Perfect
"I have finished."	He said he had finished.
Past Simple →	Past Perfect
"I went home."	He said he had gone home.
Past Continuous →	Past Perfect Continuous
"I was working."	He said he had been working.
will →	would
"I will help you."	He said he would help me.
can →	could
"I can do it."	He said he could do it.
may →	might
"I may come."	He said he might come.
must →	had to
"I must go."	He said he had to go.

Hauptgedanke: ein Schritt zurück in der Zeit. Genau wie wir das in den Konditionalen und im wish gemacht haben.

Wann keine Zeitverschiebung erfolgt

Es gibt drei Fälle:

Das einleitende Verb steht selbst im Präsens: He says he is tired. — keine Verschiebung, beides im Präsens.
Universelle Wahrheit: The teacher said that water boils at 100°C. — ein Naturgesetz muss man nicht verschieben.
Past Perfect und would/could/might/should/ought to — sie sind bereits in der „vergangenen" Zone, weiter zurück geht es nicht.

Teil 3: Was sich außer der Zeit ändert — Pronomen und Zeit-/Ortsangaben

Pronomen

Übersetzung „aus der Perspektive des jetzt Sprechenden":

Direkt	Indirekt
I, me, my, mine	he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers
we, us, our, ours	they, them, their, theirs
you, your, yours	(hängt davon ab, zu wem gesprochen wurde — me, him, her, them, etc.)

Direkt	Indirekt
Anna said, "I am tired."	Anna said she was tired.
Tom said to me, "I will help you."	Tom said he would help me.
They said, "We don't know."	They said they didn't know.

Zeit- und Ortsangaben — verschieben sich auch nach hinten

Direkt	Indirekt
now →	then
today →	that day
tomorrow →	the next day / the following day
yesterday →	the day before / the previous day
this week →	that week
last week →	the week before
next week →	the following week
here →	there
this →	that
these →	those
ago →	before

Beispiele:

Direkt	Indirekt
"I'll see you tomorrow."	He said he would see me the next day.
"I arrived yesterday."	She said she had arrived the day before.
"I'm here now."	He said he was there then.
"This book is mine."	She said that book was hers.

Teil 4: Say und Tell — der Hauptunterschied

Verb	Wem gesagt wird — muss angegeben werden?	Beispiel
say	nein (oder mit to + wem)	He said he was tired. / He said to me he was tired.
tell	ja, ohne to	He told me he was tired.

✅	❌
He said he was tired.	He told he was tired.
He told me he was tired.	He said me he was tired.

Einfache Regel: tell verlangt einen Adressaten (tell me, him, her, us, them), say — nicht. Wenn bei say doch ein Adressat nötig ist — füge to hinzu: He said to me…

Teil 5: Indirekte Fragen

Wenn wir eine Frage wiedergeben, verwandelt sie sich in der indirekten Form in eine Aussage: direkte Wortstellung, ohne Fragezeichen.

Fragen mit wh-

Das Fragewort bleibt, danach — direkte Wortstellung:

Direkte Frage	Indirekt
"Where do you live?"	He asked where I lived.
"What are you doing?"	She asked what I was doing.
"When did you arrive?"	He asked when I had arrived.
"Why is she sad?"	He asked why she was sad.

Das Wichtigste: in der indirekten Form gibt es kein do/does/did. Where do you live? → where I lived (nicht where did I live).

Ja/Nein-Fragen — über if oder whether

Direkte Frage	Indirekt
"Do you speak English?"	He asked if I spoke English.
"Are you happy?"	She asked whether I was happy.
"Have you seen him?"	He asked if I had seen him.
"Will you come?"	He asked whether I would come.

Whether und if sind in dieser Rolle austauschbar. Whether ist etwas formeller.

Teil 6: Indirekte Befehle und Bitten

Wenn wir einen Befehl, eine Bitte oder einen Rat wiedergeben, verwenden wir Verb + Objekt + to + V:

Direkte Rede	Indirekt
"Open the window."	He told me to open the window.
"Don't be late."	She told us not to be late.
"Please help me."	He asked me to help him.
"You should see a doctor."	She advised me to see a doctor.

Typ	Verb	Schema
Befehl	tell	tell someone to + V
Bitte	ask	ask someone to + V
Rat	advise	advise someone to + V
Verbot	tell / order	tell someone not to + V
Aufruf	invite, encourage	invite someone to + V

Verneinung: not steht vor to: He told me not to be late.

Teil 7: Reporting verbs — viele Wege, „sagen" auszudrücken

Das Englische ist reich an Verben der Redewiedergabe. Jedes trägt eine Nuance. Sie zu kennen heißt, den Inhalt fremder Rede präzise wiederzugeben.

Verb	Übersetzung	Schema
say	sagen	say (to sb) that…
tell	sagen (jemandem)	tell sb that…; tell sb to + V
ask	fragen, bitten	ask if/wh-…; ask sb to + V
answer / reply	antworten	answer/reply that…
explain	erklären	explain (to sb) that…
suggest	vorschlagen	suggest + V-ing; suggest (that) sb (should) + V
advise	raten	advise sb to + V
recommend	empfehlen	recommend + V-ing; recommend that sb…
warn	warnen	warn sb (not) to + V
promise	versprechen	promise (sb) to + V; promise that…
agree	zustimmen	agree to + V; agree that…
refuse	ablehnen	refuse to + V
insist	bestehen	insist on + V-ing; insist that…
complain	sich beklagen	complain (that)…; complain about + V-ing
admit	zugeben	admit + V-ing; admit (that)…
deny	leugnen	deny + V-ing
announce	bekanntgeben	announce that…

Beachte: suggest, recommend verlangen ein Gerundium (-ing) oder die Konstruktion that … should. Nicht „suggest to do" — das ist ein typischer Fehler.

| ✅ | He suggested going to the cinema. | | ❌ | He suggested to go to the cinema. |

Wortschatz dieser Lektion

🔊 Wörter lernenÖffnet den Wortschatz in der externen App — Karteikarten mit Audio, Suche und Notizen.

to say
sagen
to tell
sagen (jemandem); erzählen
to ask
fragen, bitten
to answer
antworten
to reply
erwidern
to explain
erklären
to suggest
vorschlagen
to recommend
empfehlen
to advise
raten
to warn
warnen
to promise
versprechen
to agree
zustimmen
to refuse
ablehnen
to insist
bestehen
to complain
sich beklagen
to admit
zugeben
to deny
leugnen
to announce
bekanntgeben
to mention
erwähnen
to claim
behaupten
to repeat
wiederholen
to whisper
flüstern
to shout
schreien
to argue
argumentieren, streiten
to discuss
besprechen
to comment
kommentieren
to add
hinzufügen (in der Rede)
conversation
Gespräch
statement
Aussage, Erklärung
question
Frage
answer
Antwort
request
Bitte

Französisch	Übersetzung
to say	sagen
to tell	sagen (jemandem); erzählen
to ask	fragen, bitten
to answer	antworten
to reply	erwidern
to explain	erklären
to suggest	vorschlagen
to recommend	empfehlen
to advise	raten
to warn	warnen
to promise	versprechen
to agree	zustimmen
to refuse	ablehnen
to insist	bestehen
to complain	sich beklagen
to admit	zugeben
to deny	leugnen
to announce	bekanntgeben
to mention	erwähnen
to claim	behaupten
to repeat	wiederholen
to whisper	flüstern
to shout	schreien
to argue	argumentieren, streiten
to discuss	besprechen
to comment	kommentieren
to add	hinzufügen (in der Rede)
conversation	Gespräch
statement	Aussage, Erklärung
question	Frage
answer	Antwort
request	Bitte

Vollständiges Wörterbuch

1,848 Einträge

Hörtexte

Drei Textvarianten pro Lektion. In glottos.com öffnen für synchrone Audiowiedergabe.

Text A

Text zur Lektion 35: She said, he said

🔊 Audio-Praxis ↗

Anna said she was very busy that week.
Tom said he had finished the project the day before.
Mary said she would call me the next day.
He told me he was working from home.
She said she had never been to London.
They said they had bought a new house.
Jack told us he couldn't come to the meeting.
The teacher said the test would be easy.
My friend told me she had broken her phone.
He said he was tired and wanted to go home.
She admitted she had made a mistake.
They explained that the train had been cancelled.
The doctor said I had to rest for a week.
He told me he would help me with the project.
She said she had seen that film three times.
The manager announced that the office would close at six.
He said he didn't know the answer.
She told us she had already eaten.
They said they were thinking about moving abroad.
The driver explained that the road was closed.
He claimed he had never met her before.
She mentioned that her sister was getting married.
The neighbour complained that we were too noisy.
He told me he had been waiting for an hour.
She said it had been a long day.
The receptionist told us that all rooms were taken.
He insisted that he had paid the bill.
She said she was looking forward to the holiday.
The boss told us we needed to work harder.
He simply said he had changed his mind.

Text B

Text zur Lektion 35: Asking and telling

🔊 Audio-Praxis ↗

He asked me where I lived.
She asked me what time the meeting started.
The taxi driver asked me where I wanted to go.
He wanted to know if I spoke English.
She asked whether I had ever been to Spain.
The teacher asked us why we were late.
He asked me how long I had been waiting.
She wondered if the shop was still open.
He asked me whether I could help him.
The waiter asked if we were ready to order.
My mother told me to clean my room.
The teacher told the children to be quiet.
He asked me to lend him my book.
The doctor told her to take the medicine twice a day.
The police officer told us not to park there.
She begged him not to leave.
He invited me to come to his party.
The guide told us to follow him.
She advised me to see a specialist.
He warned us not to swim in that lake.
The boss told everyone to stay late on Friday.
My friend asked me to keep a secret.
The librarian told us to speak softly.
He encouraged her to apply for the job.
The instructor told us to fasten our seat belts.
She asked her son to do his homework.
He reminded me to bring my passport.
The receptionist asked us to wait a moment.
The pilot told the passengers to remain seated.
The judge ordered him to pay a fine.

Text C

Text zur Lektion 35: A story told twice

🔊 Audio-Praxis ↗

Yesterday I met my old friend Mark at the station.
He told me he had just come back from Italy.
I asked him how long he had been there.
He said he had spent three weeks in Rome and Florence.
I asked whether he had liked it.
He told me it had been the best holiday of his life.
He said the food was incredible.
He explained that he had walked for hours every day.
He admitted that he had spent too much money.
I asked if he had visited the Vatican.
He said he had, and that it had been amazing.
He told me he had also taken a trip to Tuscany.
He asked if I had ever been to Italy.
I said I had been to Milan once, but it had been a short visit.
He suggested going together next summer.
I told him I would love that.
Then I asked him about his work.
He explained that he had changed jobs the month before.
He said the new company was much better.
He told me the salary was higher and the people were nicer.
He mentioned that he was thinking of moving to a bigger flat.
I asked where he wanted to live.
He said he was looking at the south side of the city.
He told me he would let me know once he had decided.
We agreed to meet again soon.
He promised he would send me photos from Italy.
He warned me that the photos were many.
I laughed and said I didn't mind.
As he was leaving, he reminded me to call his mother.
I told him I would call her that very evening.

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Teil 9: Sprachtonleitern

🔊 Audio-Praxis

Sprachtonleiter 1 — Umwandlung Present → Past

"I am tired."        → He said he was tired.
"I work here."       → He said he worked there.
"I am working."      → He said he was working.
"I have finished."   → He said he had finished.
"I will help you."   → He said he would help me.
"I can do it."       → He said he could do it.

Sprachtonleiter 2 — Umwandlung von Fragen

"Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.
"What are you doing?" → She asked what I was doing.
"Do you speak French?" → He asked if I spoke French.
"Have you seen him?"  → She asked if I had seen him.

Sprachtonleiter 3 — Umwandlung von Befehlen

"Open the door."     → He told me to open the door.
"Don't be late."     → She told me not to be late.
"Please help me."    → He asked me to help him.
"You should rest."   → She advised me to rest.

Teil 10: Sprachmatrix

Sprachmatrix 1 — fremde Worte wiedergeben

Direkt	Indirekt
Anna: "I am tired."	Anna said she was tired.
Tom: "I'll call you tomorrow."	Tom said he would call me the next day.
Mary: "I bought this yesterday."	Mary said she had bought it the day before.
Jack: "I can't come to the party."	Jack said he couldn't come to the party.

Sprachmatrix 2 — Fragen und Befehle wiedergeben

Direkt	Indirekt
"Where do you live?"	She asked where I lived.
"Are you OK?"	He asked if I was OK.
"Don't worry."	She told me not to worry.
"You should rest."	The doctor advised me to rest.

INDIREKTE REDE — DREI ÄNDERUNGEN:

  1. ZEIT: ein Schritt zurück (wenn das einleitende Verb in der Vergangenheit)
     Present Simple   → Past Simple
     Present Cont.    → Past Continuous
     Present Perfect  → Past Perfect
     Past Simple      → Past Perfect
     Past Continuous  → Past Perfect Continuous
     will             → would
     can              → could
     may              → might
     must             → had to

  2. PRONOMEN:
     I / me / my      → he/she, him/her, his/her
     we / us / our    → they / them / their
     you / your       → (nach Kontext)

  3. ZEIT- UND ORTSMARKIERER:
     now      → then
     today    → that day
     tomorrow → the next day
     yesterday → the day before
     here     → there
     this/these → that/those
     ago      → before

WANN KEINE VERSCHIEBUNG:
  - Einleitendes Verb steht selbst im Präsens: He says he is tired.
  - Universelle Wahrheit: She said water boils at 100°C.
  - Schon past perfect / would / could — weiter geht nicht.

SAY vs TELL:
  say (to sb) etwas        He said (to me) he was busy.
  tell sb etwas            He told me he was busy.
  Tell immer mit Adressat, say — nicht.

INDIREKTE FRAGEN:
  Wh-:  He asked WHERE I LIVED. (direkte Wortstellung, ohne do)
  Ja/Nein: He asked IF / WHETHER I LIVED THERE.
  NIEMALS in der indirekten Frage:
    - do/does/did
    - Inversion (was I → if I was)
    - Fragezeichen

INDIREKTE BEFEHLE UND BITTEN:
  tell sb to + V         He told me to open the door.
  ask sb to + V          He asked me to help.
  advise sb to + V       She advised him to rest.
  Verneinung: tell sb NOT TO + V
    He told me not to be late.

REPORTING VERBS — erweiterte Liste:
  say, tell, ask, answer, reply, explain,
  suggest (+ -ing), recommend (+ -ing),
  advise/warn sb to + V,
  promise / agree / refuse to + V,
  insist on / complain about / admit + V-ing,
  deny + V-ing, announce that…

FALLEN FÜR DEUTSCHSPRACHIGE:
  - Verwechsle say und tell nicht. Tell — mit Adressat.
  - In der indirekten Frage gibt es KEIN do/does/did.
  - In der indirekten Frage gibt es KEINE Inversion:
    "where I lived", nicht "where lived I".
  - Suggest + Gerundium, kein to-Infinitiv.
  - Will → would, can → could, must → had to.
  - Englisch hat KEINEN Konjunktiv I.
    "Er sagte, er sei müde" → "He said he was tired" (Backshift).
    Backshift ersetzt das deutsche Konjunktiv-I-System komplett.

Nächster Schritt: Lektion 36 — Modalverben der Deduktion (must be, can't be, might) und in der Vergangenheit (must have been, should have done). Verwendungen von Modalverben, die wir hier nur in Aktion beim Backshift gesehen haben.

Nächste Lektion:Lektion 36: Modalverben 2 — Deduktion, Wahrscheinlichkeit und Vergangenheit

Nächster Schritt: Lektion 36 — Modalverben der Deduktion (must be, can't be, might) und in der Vergangenheit (must have been, should have done). Verwendungen von Modalverben, die wir hier nur in Aktion beim Backshift gesehen haben.

Lektion 35: Indirekte Rede

Wie du mit dieser Lektion arbeitest

Teil 1: Direkte Rede und indirekte Rede — der Hauptkontrast

Teil 2: Zeitverschiebung — die Hauptregel des Backshift

Wann keine Zeitverschiebung erfolgt

Teil 3: Was sich außer der Zeit ändert — Pronomen und Zeit-/Ortsangaben

Pronomen

Zeit- und Ortsangaben — verschieben sich auch nach hinten

Teil 4: Say und Tell — der Hauptunterschied

Teil 5: Indirekte Fragen

Fragen mit wh-

Ja/Nein-Fragen — über if oder whether

Teil 6: Indirekte Befehle und Bitten

Teil 7: Reporting verbs — viele Wege, „sagen" auszudrücken

Wortschatz dieser Lektion

Vollständiges Wörterbuch

Übung 1. Gib in indirekter Rede wieder

Übung 2. Gib Fragen in indirekter Form wieder

Übung 3. Gib Befehle und Bitten wieder

Übung 4. Finde den Fehler

Übung 5. Übersetze ins Englische (indirekte Rede)

Übung 6. Lauter Durchlauf — Dialogwiedergabe

Hörtexte

Mundtraining

Teil 9: Sprachtonleitern

Sprachtonleiter 1 — Umwandlung Present → Past

Sprachtonleiter 2 — Umwandlung von Fragen

Sprachtonleiter 3 — Umwandlung von Befehlen

Teil 10: Sprachmatrix

Sprachmatrix 1 — fremde Worte wiedergeben

Sprachmatrix 2 — Fragen und Befehle wiedergeben