Lesson 38: Reported speech (discours indirect)

Vocabulary: speech and communication verbs

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read — understand the rule of tense shift (10 minutes).
  2. Run the table — learn the shifts cold, like a multiplication table.
  3. Rewrite — turn every direct sentence into reported speech, out loud.

Reported speech is the accounting of tenses. The single big rule: if the reporting verb is in the past, everything inside backshifts by one tense.


Part 1: What reported speech is

Direct speech — exact words, in quotes:

Marc dit : « Je suis fatigué. » — Marc says, "I'm tired."

Reported (indirect) speech — a retelling, linked by que, with no quotes, no exclamation marks, no question marks:

Marc dit qu'il est fatigué. — Marc says (that) he's tired.

The good news for English speakers: French reported speech works almost exactly like English. The same three things happen in both languages at once:

  1. Pronouns shift (je → il / elle; I → he / she).
  2. Tenses shift back (only if the reporting verb is in the past).
  3. Time and place markers shift (hier → la veille; yesterday → the day before).

One tiny difference from English: in French, the word que ("that") after dire / affirmer / répondre… is never optional. English drops it all the time ("He said he was tired"). French keeps it: Il a dit qu'il était fatigué.


Part 2: Pronouns — the first shift

Simple logic: the person who said "je" becomes "he" or "she" in your retelling.

DirectReported
« **Je suis là. »Il dit qu'il** est là.
« Tu as raison. » (he says to me)Il me dit que j'ai raison.
« **Nous partons. »Ils disent qu'ils** partent.
« C'est mon livre. »Il dit que c'est son livre.
« Donne-moi ça. »Il me dit de lui donner ça.

Think like a journalist quoting someone. The hero's "I" becomes your "he/she". The hero's "you" (if it pointed at you) becomes your "me/I". The hero's "my" becomes "his/her". This is exactly the same logic as English — no surprises.


Part 3: Tense shift — the main table

If the reporting verb is in the present (il dit que…) or the future (il dira que…) — the tenses inside don't change.

If the reporting verb is in the past (il a dit, il disait, il avait dit) — the tenses inside shift back by one step, just as in English ("He says he is tired" → "He said he was tired").

Direct speech (reporting in present)Reported speech (reporting in past)
présentimparfait
« Je suis malade. »Il a dit qu'il était malade.
passé composéplus-que-parfait
« J'ai mangé. »Il a dit qu'il avait mangé.
imparfaitimparfait (no change!)
« Je dormais. »Il a dit qu'il dormait.
plus-que-parfaitplus-que-parfait (no change!)
« J'avais fini. »Il a dit qu'il avait fini.
futur simpleconditionnel présent
« Je viendrai. »Il a dit qu'il viendrait.
futur antérieurconditionnel passé
« J'aurai fini. »Il a dit qu'il aurait fini.
conditionnelconditionnel (no change!)
« Je voudrais… »Il a dit qu'il voudrait
subjonctifsubjonctif (no change!)
« Il faut que tu viennes. »Il a dit qu'il fallait que je vienne.

Memory hook: anything that was already in imparfait, plus-que-parfait, conditionnel, or subjonctif doesn't move. It's already at the bottom of the staircase, so there's no further "back" to go.

English mirror: the French shifts map almost one-to-one onto English. présent → imparfait = "is" → "was". passé composé → plus-que-parfait = "ate" → "had eaten". futur → conditionnel = "will come" → "would come". futur antérieur → conditionnel passé = "will have finished" → "would have finished". If you know the English version, you already know the French version.


Part 4: Time and place markers shift

If the action has slid into the past, "today" is no longer today, "tomorrow" is no longer tomorrow. English does the same thing (today → that day, tomorrow → the next day).

Direct (relative to the speaker)Reported (in the past)
aujourd'hui — todayce jour-là — that day
hier — yesterdayla veille — the day before
avant-hier — the day before yesterdayl'avant-veille — two days before
demain — tomorrowle lendemain — the next day
après-demain — the day after tomorrowle surlendemain — two days later
ce matin — this morningce matin-là — that morning
ce soir — tonightce soir-là — that evening
cette semaine — this weekcette semaine-là — that week
la semaine prochaine — next weekla semaine suivante (or d'après) — the following week
la semaine dernière — last weekla semaine précédente (or d'avant) — the previous week
maintenant — nowà ce moment-là / alors — at that moment
il y a trois jours — three days agotrois jours plus tôt — three days earlier
dans trois jours — in three daystrois jours plus tard — three days later
ici — here — there

The whole machine in one example:

Direct: Hier, Marie a dit : « Je partirai demain avec mon frère. » Reported: Hier, Marie a dit qu'elle partirait le lendemain avec son frère. English: Yesterday, Marie said that she would leave the next day with her brother.

Three shifts happened simultaneously: partirai → partirait (tense), demain → le lendemain (time marker), mon → son (pronoun).


Part 5: Reported questions

Questions in reported speech use different connectors. Two rules above all else: no inversion and no question mark. The reported question becomes a statement in shape, even though it still means a question.

Type of questionDirectReported
yes / no« Tu viens ? »Il demande si je viens.
what (object)« Que fais-tu ? » / « Qu'est-ce que tu fais ? »Il demande ce que je fais.
what (subject)« Qu'est-ce qui se passe ? »Il demande ce qui se passe.
who (subject)« Qui parle ? »Il demande qui parle.
who (object)« Qui vois-tu ? »Il demande qui je vois.
where / when / how / why« Où vas-tu ? »Il demande je vais.
how much« Combien ça coûte ? »Il demande combien ça coûte.

English mirror: yes/no questions go through if / whether in English too. "Are you coming?" → "He asked if I was coming." That's exactly what French si does here. Don't confuse this si with conditional si ("if it rains…") — same word, different job.

Trap 1: est-ce que and qu'est-ce que disappear in reported speech. Don't write « il demande qu'est-ce que je fais » — that's wrong. Only ce que.

Trap 2: word order in a reported question is statement order (subject + verb). Il demande où tu vas. — NOT où vas-tu. English does this too: we say "I wonder where you are going", not "I wonder where are you going".

Trap 3: what splits in French exactly as it does after relative pronouns (Lesson 41). Ce qui if "what" is the subject of the inner clause; ce que if "what" is the object. Ce qui se passe (what happens — subject); ce que je fais (what I do — object of do).


Part 6: Reported commands

A direct imperative becomes de + infinitive in reported speech. English uses the same trick: "Come!" → "He told me to come."

DirectReported
« Viens ! »Il me dit de venir.
« Ne parle pas ! »Il me dit de ne pas parler.
« Fermez la porte. »Il nous dit de fermer la porte.
« Donne-le-moi. »Il me dit de le lui donner. (watch the pronoun reshuffle!)

Pick the reporting verb by meaning: dire de, demander de, ordonner de, conseiller de, suggérer de, prier de.

Word order with negation: ne pas sits together in front of the infinitive — de ne pas parler, not de ne parler pas. This is the same rule you saw in Lesson 40 territory (negation around an infinitive).


Part 7: Speech verbs — picking the right one

Not all "saids" are equal. The verb you pick changes the flavor.

VerbMeaningConstruction
dire queto say (neutral)+ que + indicatif
affirmer queto assert, to claim+ que + indicatif
déclarer queto declare (formal)+ que + indicatif
avouer queto admit, to confess+ que + indicatif
nier queto deny+ que + subjonctif
prétendre queto claim (with a hint of doubt)+ que + indicatif
promettre queto promise (that something will happen)+ que + indicatif
promettre deto promise (to do something)+ de + infinitif
prévenir queto warn (in advance)+ que + indicatif
avertir queto warn (of danger)+ que + indicatif
suggérer queto suggest (an idea)+ que + subjonctif
suggérer deto suggest (doing something)+ de + infinitif
proposer deto propose (doing something)+ de + infinitif
conseiller deto advise+ de + infinitif
ordonner deto order, to command+ de + infinitif
interdire deto forbid+ de + infinitif
demander sito ask (yes/no)+ si + indicatif
demander deto ask (to do something)+ de + infinitif
répondre queto reply+ que + indicatif
expliquer queto explain+ que + indicatif
ajouter queto add+ que + indicatif
se plaindre queto complain+ que + indicatif
reconnaître queto acknowledge (a fact)+ que + indicatif

Lock in: nier que and suggérer que (and exiger que) take subjonctif. The rest of the que-verbs take indicatif. Prétendre feels like it should trigger doubt-subjunctive, but it doesn't — it stays in indicatif.


Next up: Lesson 39 — the passive voice. You'll see how "workers built the house" becomes "the house was built by the workers", why participle agreement matters in the passive, and why French often dodges the passive altogether using on and reflexive se (ça se dit, ça se fait).

Lesson 38: Reported speech (discours indirect) · Français · Glottos Matrix