Lesson 44: Prepositions in depth. Personal A. Verb + preposition pairs

Vocabulary: Verbs with required prepositions, abstract relationships

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read — learn what the personal a is and which verbs demand which preposition (10 minutes).
  2. Say it out loud — every time you see a person after a verb, hear an a before them.
  3. Drill — run "verb + preposition" pairs to reflex. Pure muscle memory.

Knowing the rule = 5%. Training "pienso EN ti", "sueño CON ella", "me enamoré DE Madrid" until your lips pick the preposition on their own = 95%.

This lesson teaches no brand-new grammar. We systematize what you've met a hundred times since A1 and patch the holes English speakers fall into most often.


Part 1: The personal A — a preposition English doesn't have

If the direct object is a specific person (or animate being treated as a personality), the preposition a MUST appear before it.

That's the famous personal a. English has nothing like it — that's why it's the easiest thing in the world to forget.

Basic contrast

No personal aWith personal a
Veo la casa. — I see the house.Veo a Juan. — I see Juan.
Busco el libro. — I'm looking for the book.Busco a mi hermano. — I'm looking for my brother.
Espero el autobús. — I'm waiting for the bus.Espero a María. — I'm waiting for María.

Don't confuse it! This is not an indirect object. Veo a Juan = "I see Juan" (direct object), not "I see to Juan". The a is a pure grammatical marker that flags "the direct object is a human".

When the personal a is OBLIGATORY

  1. A specific person: Conozco a María. Visité a mis padres. Llamé al médico.
  2. Pets and beloved animals: Saco a mi perro a pasear. Perdí a mi gato.
  3. Personified entities (country, God, abstraction): Amo a mi país. Teme a la muerte. Echo de menos a Madrid.
  4. Indefinite personal pronouns (alguien, nadie, todos — about people): Veo a alguien. No conozco a nadie. Invité a todos.
  5. The question word ¿A quién? ("whom?"): ¿A quién esperas? ¿A quién llamaste?

When the personal a does NOT appear

  1. Inanimate objects: Veo la casa. Compré un coche.
  2. Indefinite, generic person (a type, not an individual):
    • Busco un médico. — Looking for a doctor, any (want-ad style).
    • vs. Busco al médico. — Looking for the doctor (specific one).
  3. After tener when stating possession: Tengo dos hermanos. (no a)

Trap for English speakers. "I see Juan" — no preposition. Veo a Juan — preposition required. Dropping the a is the single most visible mistake at B2.

Generic vs specific. Busco a mi marido (my husband, specific) vs Busco un marido (looking for a husband — newspaper ad). The a makes the difference between the personal and the abstract.


Part 2: The 21 prepositions — full inventory

Spanish has 21 simple prepositions. Know the list — without it, B2/C1 texts slip past you.

Living, frequent: a, ante, bajo, con, contra, de, desde, durante, en, entre, hacia, hasta, mediante, para, por, según, sin, sobre, tras.

Archaic — recognize, don't produce: cabe (= beside, only in old poetry), so (= under, only in fossilized idioms: so pena de, so pretexto de).

PrepositionCore meaningExample
ato, at; personal a; indirect obj.Voy a Madrid. Llamo a Juan.
deof, from, aboutSoy de Inglaterra. Hablo de ti.
enin, on, atEstoy en casa.
conwithVoy con María.
porbecause of, through; for (price); perPor ti. Por la calle.
parafor, in order to; by (deadline)Para ti. Para aprender.
desdefrom, since (point)Desde 2020.
hastauntil, up to; evenHasta mañana. Hasta yo lo sé.
haciatoward; around (time)Hacia las tres.
sobreon; about (topic); aroundSobre la mesa. Hablamos sobre arte.
entrebetween, amongEntre tú y yo.
sinwithoutSin azúcar.
segúnaccording toSegún María.
duranteduringDurante el verano.
contraagainstLucho contra la corrupción.
bajounder (often figurative)Bajo presión.
antebefore (formal)Ante el juez confesó.
trasbehind, after (bookish)Tras la puerta.
medianteby means ofMediante un acuerdo.

Por vs para — its own full lesson (Lesson 42). Both live in the inventory.


Part 3: Régimen verbal — which verb demands which preposition

The most painful area for English speakers: English says "think about", Spanish says pensar EN. English says "dream of", Spanish says soñar CON. There's no logic — only drill. Memorize each verb+preposition as a single chunk; never translate the English preposition into Spanish.

Verbs that take DE

acordarse de (remember), alegrarse de (be glad about), depender de (depend on), enamorarse de (fall in love with), olvidarse de (forget), quejarse de (complain about), tratarse de (be a matter of), darse cuenta de (realize), reírse de (laugh at), pensar de (think of, opinion).

Me acuerdo de ti. Depende de ti. Me enamoré de María. Se queja del trabajo. Me di cuenta de mi error.

pensar EN vs pensar DE — same English verb, two different Spanish ones:

  • Pienso en ti. — I'm thinking about you (your image is in my head).
  • ¿Qué piensas de él? — What do you think of him? (your opinion).

Verbs that take A

acostumbrarse a (get used to), atreverse a (dare to), ayudar a + inf. (help), aprender a + inf. (learn to), asistir a (attend), empezar a + inf. (start), enseñar a + inf. (teach), invitar a (invite), ir a + inf. (be going to), jugar a (play), llegar a (arrive at), negarse a (refuse to), parecerse a (resemble), volver a + inf. (do again).

Aprendo a nadar. Empiezo a entender. Voy a llamarte. Se parece a su padre. Vuelvo a leerlo.

Jugar takes a + definite article: jugar al fútbol, jugar a las cartas. Latin America often drops the a (jugar fútbol) — colloquial only.

False friend: asistir a = to attend, NOT to assist. "To assist" = ayudar.

Verbs that take EN

confiar en (trust), consistir en (consist of), fijarse en (notice), insistir en (insist on), pensar en (think about), tardar en (take long to).

Confío en ti. Pienso en ti. Insiste en pagar. Tardé tres horas en llegar.

"think ABOUT" = pensar EN; "insist ON" = insistir EN; "consist OF" = consistir EN. Three different English prepositions, same Spanish en. Don't translate — memorize the pair.

Verbs that take CON

casarse con (marry), contar con (count on), cumplir con (fulfill), soñar con (dream of/about), encontrarse con (meet up with), hablar con (talk to).

Se casó con Ana. Cuento contigo. Sueño con viajar a Japón.

Fused forms: con + mí = conmigo, con + ti = contigo, con + sí = consigo. Always fused; never con mí.

Verbs that take POR

preocuparse por (worry about), luchar por (fight for), optar por (opt for), interesarse por (be interested in).

Me preocupo por ti. Lucha por sus derechos. Se interesó por mi salud.

Trabajo para Google = I work for Google (employer). Trabajo por dinero = I work for money (in exchange).

The infinitive-after-preposition gift

In Spanish, after any preposition you use the infinitive, never a conjugated form. English uses -ing ("after eating"); Spanish uses the bare infinitive. You never have to conjugate.

PatternExampleEnglish
ir a + inf.Voy a comer.I'm going to eat.
empezar a + inf.Empezamos a trabajar.We're starting to work.
terminar de + inf.Terminé de comer.I finished eating.
dejar de + inf.Dejé de fumar.I quit smoking.
tratar de + inf.Trato de entender.I'm trying to understand.
volver a + inf.Volví a llamar.I called again.
acabar de + inf.Acabo de llegar.I've just arrived.

The shortcut: when conjugation feels heavy, hide behind a preposition. Empiezo a entender is way easier than wrestling with subjunctive. Use it.


Next up: Lesson 45 — Reported speech (estilo indirecto). "I'll come tomorrow" → Dijo que vendría al día siguiente: tense, pronoun and time-marker all shift at once. You'll learn the full back-shift system and the reporting-verb inventory (afirmar, sugerir, advertir, negar).

Lesson 44: Prepositions in depth. Personal A. Verb + preposition pairs · Español · Glottos Matrix