Урок 35: Косвенная речь
Словарный запас: глаголы передачи речи и коммуникации
Как работать с этим уроком
- Прочитай правило сдвига времён назад при передаче чужих слов (5 минут).
- Прогоняй превращения прямой речи в косвенную вслух — пары «прямая → косвенная» по 20 раз.
- Тренируй вопросы и команды — у них своя логика, которую важно зафиксировать отдельно.
Это финал «backshift»-логики. Ты уже видел сдвиг времён назад в L32 (условные) и L33 (wish). Здесь — ровно тот же принцип, но для передачи чужих слов. Хорошая новость: схема одна, и она универсальная.
Часть 1: Прямая речь и косвенная — главное противопоставление
Прямая речь — слова, которые человек сказал, в кавычках, как есть:
He said, "I am tired."
Косвенная речь — пересказ этих слов от лица говорящего сейчас:
He said he was tired.
При переходе трое меняются:
- Время глагола — сдвигается на шаг назад (если ведущий глагол в прошлом).
- Местоимения — I → he/she, my → his/her и т.д.
- Слова времени и места — now → then, today → that day, here → there.
Плюс — пропадают кавычки и слово that (опционально) появляется как связка.
Часть 2: Сдвиг времён — главное правило backshift
Если ведущий глагол (said, told, asked) в прошедшем времени, время прямой речи сдвигается на шаг назад:
| Прямая речь (что было сказано) | Косвенная речь (как мы пересказываем) |
|---|---|
| Present Simple → | Past Simple |
| "I work here." | He said he worked there. |
| Present Continuous → | Past Continuous |
| "I am working." | He said he was working. |
| Present Perfect → | Past Perfect |
| "I have finished." | He said he had finished. |
| Past Simple → | Past Perfect |
| "I went home." | He said he had gone home. |
| Past Continuous → | Past Perfect Continuous |
| "I was working." | He said he had been working. |
| will → | would |
| "I will help you." | He said he would help me. |
| can → | could |
| "I can do it." | He said he could do it. |
| may → | might |
| "I may come." | He said he might come. |
| must → | had to |
| "I must go." | He said he had to go. |
Главная мысль: один шаг назад во времени. Точно так же, как мы делали в условных и в wish.
Когда сдвига времён не происходит
Бывают три случая:
- Ведущий глагол сам в настоящем: He says he is tired. — сдвига нет, оба в настоящем.
- Универсальная истина: The teacher said that water boils at 100°C. — закон природы сдвигать не надо.
- Past Perfect и would/could/might/should/ought to — они уже в «прошедшей» зоне, дальше сдвигать некуда.
Часть 3: Что меняется кроме времени — местоимения и слова времени/места
Местоимения
Перевод «с точки зрения говорящего сейчас»:
| Прямая | Косвенная |
|---|---|
| I, me, my, mine | he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers |
| we, us, our, ours | they, them, their, theirs |
| you, your, yours | (зависит от того, кому говорил — me, him, her, them, etc.) |
| Прямая | Косвенная |
|---|---|
| Anna said, "I am tired." | Anna said she was tired. |
| Tom said to me, "I will help you." | Tom said he would help me. |
| They said, "We don't know." | They said they didn't know. |
Слова времени и места — тоже сдвигаются назад
| Прямая | Косвенная |
|---|---|
| now → | then |
| today → | that day |
| tomorrow → | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday → | the day before / the previous day |
| this week → | that week |
| last week → | the week before |
| next week → | the following week |
| here → | there |
| this → | that |
| these → | those |
| ago → | before |
Примеры:
| Прямая | Косвенная |
|---|---|
| "I'll see you tomorrow." | He said he would see me the next day. |
| "I arrived yesterday." | She said she had arrived the day before. |
| "I'm here now." | He said he was there then. |
| "This book is mine." | She said that book was hers. |
Часть 4: Say и Tell — главное различие
| Глагол | Кому говорит — нужно указать? | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| say | нет (или с to + кому) | He said he was tired. / He said to me he was tired. |
| tell | да, без to | He told me he was tired. |
| ✅ | ❌ |
|---|---|
| He said he was tired. | He told he was tired. |
| He told me he was tired. | He said me he was tired. |
Простое правило: tell требует адресата (tell me, him, her, us, them), say — нет. Если адресат с say всё-таки нужен — добавляй to: He said to me…
Часть 5: Косвенные вопросы
Когда мы пересказываем вопрос, в косвенной форме он превращается в утверждение: прямой порядок слов, без знака вопроса.
Вопросы со словом wh-
Сохраняется вопросительное слово, дальше — прямой порядок:
| Прямой вопрос | Косвенный |
|---|---|
| "Where do you live?" | He asked where I lived. |
| "What are you doing?" | She asked what I was doing. |
| "When did you arrive?" | He asked when I had arrived. |
| "Why is she sad?" | He asked why she was sad. |
Главное: в косвенной форме нет do/does/did. Where do you live? → where I lived (а не where did I live).
Yes/No вопросы — через if или whether
| Прямой вопрос | Косвенный |
|---|---|
| "Do you speak English?" | He asked if I spoke English. |
| "Are you happy?" | She asked whether I was happy. |
| "Have you seen him?" | He asked if I had seen him. |
| "Will you come?" | He asked whether I would come. |
Whether и if в этой роли взаимозаменяемы. Whether чуть формальнее.
Часть 6: Косвенные команды и просьбы
Когда пересказываем приказ, просьбу или совет, используем глагол + объект + to + V:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная |
|---|---|
| "Open the window." | He told me to open the window. |
| "Don't be late." | She told us not to be late. |
| "Please help me." | He asked me to help him. |
| "You should see a doctor." | She advised me to see a doctor. |
| Тип | Глагол | Шаблон |
|---|---|---|
| Команда | tell | tell someone to + V |
| Просьба | ask | ask someone to + V |
| Совет | advise | advise someone to + V |
| Запрет | tell / order | tell someone not to + V |
| Призыв | invite, encourage | invite someone to + V |
Отрицание: not ставится перед to: He told me not to be late.
Часть 7: Repository verbs — много способов «сказать»
Английский богат глаголами передачи речи. Каждый несёт оттенок. Знать их — значит точно передавать содержание чужой речи.
| Глагол | Перевод | Шаблон |
|---|---|---|
| say | сказать | say (to sb) that… |
| tell | сказать (кому-то) | tell sb that…; tell sb to + V |
| ask | спросить, попросить | ask if/wh-…; ask sb to + V |
| answer / reply | ответить | answer/reply that… |
| explain | объяснить | explain (to sb) that… |
| suggest | предложить | suggest + V-ing; suggest (that) sb (should) + V |
| advise | посоветовать | advise sb to + V |
| recommend | рекомендовать | recommend + V-ing; recommend that sb… |
| warn | предупредить | warn sb (not) to + V |
| promise | обещать | promise (sb) to + V; promise that… |
| agree | согласиться | agree to + V; agree that… |
| refuse | отказаться | refuse to + V |
| insist | настаивать | insist on + V-ing; insist that… |
| complain | жаловаться | complain (that)…; complain about + V-ing |
| admit | признать | admit + V-ing; admit (that)… |
| deny | отрицать | deny + V-ing |
| announce | объявить | announce that… |
Заметь: suggest, recommend требуют герундия (-ing) или конструкции that … should. Не «suggest to do» — это типичная ошибка.
| ✅ | He suggested going to the cinema. | | ❌ | He suggested to go to the cinema. |
Словарь урока
🔊 Выучи словаОткроет словарь урока во внешнем приложении: карточки со звуком, поиск, заметки.
- to sayсказать
- to tellсказать (кому-то); рассказать
- to askспросить, попросить
- to answerотвечать
- to replyответить
- to explainобъяснять
- to suggestпредлагать
- to recommendрекомендовать
- to adviseсоветовать
- to warnпредупреждать
- to promiseобещать
- to agreeсоглашаться
- to refuseотказываться
- to insistнастаивать
- to complainжаловаться
- to admitпризнавать
- to denyотрицать
- to announceобъявлять
- to mentionупомянуть
- to claimзаявлять, утверждать
- to repeatповторять
- to whisperшептать
- to shoutкричать
- to argueспорить, утверждать
- to discussобсуждать
- to commentкомментировать
- to addдобавить (в речи)
- conversationразговор
- statementутверждение, заявление
- questionвопрос
- answerответ
- requestпросьба
| Немецкий | Перевод | |
|---|---|---|
to say | сказать | |
to tell | сказать (кому-то); рассказать | |
to ask | спросить, попросить | |
to answer | отвечать | |
to reply | ответить | |
to explain | объяснять | |
to suggest | предлагать | |
to recommend | рекомендовать | |
to advise | советовать | |
to warn | предупреждать | |
to promise | обещать | |
to agree | соглашаться | |
to refuse | отказываться | |
to insist | настаивать | |
to complain | жаловаться | |
to admit | признавать | |
to deny | отрицать | |
to announce | объявлять | |
to mention | упомянуть | |
to claim | заявлять, утверждать | |
to repeat | повторять | |
to whisper | шептать | |
to shout | кричать | |
to argue | спорить, утверждать | |
to discuss | обсуждать | |
to comment | комментировать | |
to add | добавить (в речи) | |
conversation | разговор | |
statement | утверждение, заявление | |
question | вопрос | |
answer | ответ | |
request | просьба |
Полный словарь
557 записей
Прочитай задание, введи ответ по-английски и нажми «Проверить». Сначала идёт локальная проверка; в сложных случаях запрашиваем подсказку у Claude. Прогресс сохраняется автоматически.
🔊 УпражненияОткроет ответы упражнений во внешнем приложении — изучай со звуком и пословным разбором.Упражнение 1. Передай в косвенной речи
1.<say>Anna said, "I am very busy."</say>
2.<say>Tom said, "I have just finished."</say>
3.<say>Mary said, "I went home early."</say>
4.<say>Jack said, "I will call you tomorrow."</say>
5.<say>She said, "I can't speak Spanish."</say>
6.<say>He said, "I am working from home today."</say>
7.<say>They said, "We have lived here for ten years."</say>
8.<say>She said, "I must leave now."</say>
Упражнение 2. Передай вопросы в косвенной форме
1.<say>"Where do you work?" she asked.</say>
2.<say>"What time is it?" he asked.</say>
3.<say>"Do you speak English?" she asked me.</say>
4.<say>"Have you seen my keys?" he asked.</say>
5.<say>"Why are you crying?" she asked the child.</say>
6.<say>"Will you come to the party?" they asked me.</say>
Упражнение 3. Передай команды и просьбы
1.<say>"Sit down," she said to me.</say>
2.<say>"Don't be late," he told us.</say>
3.<say>"Please help me," she said to him.</say>
4.<say>"You should see a doctor," he said to her.</say>
5.<say>"Don't touch that," the teacher said to the children.</say>
6.<say>"Could you open the window?" she asked him.</say>
Упражнение 4. Найди ошибку
1.<say>He told that he was tired.</say>
2.<say>She said me she was happy.</say>
3.<say>He asked where do I live.</say>
4.<say>She told to me not to come.</say>
5.<say>He suggested to go to the cinema.</say>
6.<say>She asked if I will be there.</say>
Упражнение 5. Переведи на английский (косвенная речь)
1.Анна сказала, что она устала.
2.Том сказал, что он позвонит мне завтра.
3.Мэри сказала, что она уже видела этот фильм.
4.Он спросил, где я живу.
5.Она спросила, говорю ли я по-английски.
6.Учитель сказал детям не шуметь.
7.Он попросил меня открыть окно.
8.Врач посоветовал ей отдохнуть.
9.Она объяснила, что у неё нет времени.
10.Он пообещал, что вернётся вовремя.
Упражнение 6. Прогон вслух — пересказ диалога
Прямая речь:
—
Anna: "I'm going to Paris next week." —Tom: "Have you booked the hotel?" —Anna: "Not yet, but I will book it tomorrow." —Tom: "Don't forget to take your passport!" —Anna: "Thanks for the reminder."
Пересказ:
Anna said she was going to Paris the following week. Tom asked if she had booked the hotel. Anna said she hadn't yet, but she would book it the next day. Tom told her not to forget to take her passport. Anna thanked him for the reminder.
Найди все случаи сдвига времени и местоимений.
Свободное упражнение — без автопроверки. Проговори ответы вслух и иди дальше.
Нужно ещё практики? Claude составит новое упражнение из 10 заданий по словарю и теме урока.
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Тексты для аудирования
Три варианта на каждый урок. Открой в glottos.com для аудио с синхронизацией.
Текст AТекст к уроку 35: She said, he said🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
Текст A
Текст к уроку 35: She said, he said
- Anna said she was very busy that week.
- Tom said he had finished the project the day before.
- Mary said she would call me the next day.
- He told me he was working from home.
- She said she had never been to London.
- They said they had bought a new house.
- Jack told us he couldn't come to the meeting.
- The teacher said the test would be easy.
- My friend told me she had broken her phone.
- He said he was tired and wanted to go home.
- She admitted she had made a mistake.
- They explained that the train had been cancelled.
- The doctor said I had to rest for a week.
- He told me he would help me with the project.
- She said she had seen that film three times.
- The manager announced that the office would close at six.
- He said he didn't know the answer.
- She told us she had already eaten.
- They said they were thinking about moving abroad.
- The driver explained that the road was closed.
- He claimed he had never met her before.
- She mentioned that her sister was getting married.
- The neighbour complained that we were too noisy.
- He told me he had been waiting for an hour.
- She said it had been a long day.
- The receptionist told us that all rooms were taken.
- He insisted that he had paid the bill.
- She said she was looking forward to the holiday.
- The boss told us we needed to work harder.
- He simply said he had changed his mind.
Текст BТекст к уроку 35: Asking and telling🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
Текст B
Текст к уроку 35: Asking and telling
- He asked me where I lived.
- She asked me what time the meeting started.
- The taxi driver asked me where I wanted to go.
- He wanted to know if I spoke English.
- She asked whether I had ever been to Spain.
- The teacher asked us why we were late.
- He asked me how long I had been waiting.
- She wondered if the shop was still open.
- He asked me whether I could help him.
- The waiter asked if we were ready to order.
- My mother told me to clean my room.
- The teacher told the children to be quiet.
- He asked me to lend him my book.
- The doctor told her to take the medicine twice a day.
- The police officer told us not to park there.
- She begged him not to leave.
- He invited me to come to his party.
- The guide told us to follow him.
- She advised me to see a specialist.
- He warned us not to swim in that lake.
- The boss told everyone to stay late on Friday.
- My friend asked me to keep a secret.
- The librarian told us to speak softly.
- He encouraged her to apply for the job.
- The instructor told us to fasten our seat belts.
- She asked her son to do his homework.
- He reminded me to bring my passport.
- The receptionist asked us to wait a moment.
- The pilot told the passengers to remain seated.
- The judge ordered him to pay a fine.
Текст CТекст к уроку 35: A story told twice🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
Текст C
Текст к уроку 35: A story told twice
- Yesterday I met my old friend Mark at the station.
- He told me he had just come back from Italy.
- I asked him how long he had been there.
- He said he had spent three weeks in Rome and Florence.
- I asked whether he had liked it.
- He told me it had been the best holiday of his life.
- He said the food was incredible.
- He explained that he had walked for hours every day.
- He admitted that he had spent too much money.
- I asked if he had visited the Vatican.
- He said he had, and that it had been amazing.
- He told me he had also taken a trip to Tuscany.
- He asked if I had ever been to Italy.
- I said I had been to Milan once, but it had been a short visit.
- He suggested going together next summer.
- I told him I would love that.
- Then I asked him about his work.
- He explained that he had changed jobs the month before.
- He said the new company was much better.
- He told me the salary was higher and the people were nicer.
- He mentioned that he was thinking of moving to a bigger flat.
- I asked where he wanted to live.
- He said he was looking at the south side of the city.
- He told me he would let me know once he had decided.
- We agreed to meet again soon.
- He promised he would send me photos from Italy.
- He warned me that the photos were many.
- I laughed and said I didn't mind.
- As he was leaving, he reminded me to call his mother.
- I told him I would call her that very evening.
Аудио воспроизводится в glottos.com — открывается в новой вкладке.
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Часть 9: Языковые гаммы
🔊 Аудио-практикаГамма 1 — превращение Present → Past
"I am tired." → He said he was tired.
"I work here." → He said he worked there.
"I am working." → He said he was working.
"I have finished." → He said he had finished.
"I will help you." → He said he would help me.
"I can do it." → He said he could do it.
Гамма 2 — превращение вопросов
"Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.
"What are you doing?" → She asked what I was doing.
"Do you speak French?" → He asked if I spoke French.
"Have you seen him?" → She asked if I had seen him.
Гамма 3 — превращение команд
"Open the door." → He told me to open the door.
"Don't be late." → She told me not to be late.
"Please help me." → He asked me to help him.
"You should rest." → She advised me to rest.
Часть 10: Языковая матрица
Матрица 1 — передаём чужие слова
| Прямая | Косвенная |
|---|---|
Матрица 2 — передаём вопросы и команды
| Прямая | Косвенная |
|---|---|
КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ — ТРИ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ:
1. ВРЕМЯ: один шаг назад (если ведущий глагол в прошлом)
Present Simple → Past Simple
Present Cont. → Past Continuous
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Past Simple → Past Perfect
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
will → would
can → could
may → might
must → had to
2. МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ:
I / me / my → he/she, him/her, his/her
we / us / our → they / them / their
you / your → (по контексту)
3. ВРЕМЕННЫЕ И МЕСТНЫЕ МАРКЕРЫ:
now → then
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day
yesterday → the day before
here → there
this/these → that/those
ago → before
КОГДА СДВИГА НЕТ:
- Ведущий глагол сам в настоящем: He says he is tired.
- Универсальная истина: She said water boils at 100°C.
- Уже past perfect / would / could — дальше некуда.
SAY vs TELL:
say (to sb) что-то He said (to me) he was busy.
tell sb что-то He told me he was busy.
Tell всегда с адресатом, say — нет.
КОСВЕННЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ:
Wh-: He asked WHERE I LIVED. (прямой порядок, без do)
Yes/No: He asked IF / WHETHER I LIVED THERE.
НИКОГДА в косвенном вопросе:
- do/does/did
- инверсия (was I → if I was)
- знак вопроса
КОСВЕННЫЕ КОМАНДЫ И ПРОСЬБЫ:
tell sb to + V He told me to open the door.
ask sb to + V He asked me to help.
advise sb to + V She advised him to rest.
Отрицание: tell sb NOT TO + V
He told me not to be late.
REPORTING VERBS — расширенный список:
say, tell, ask, answer, reply, explain,
suggest (+ -ing), recommend (+ -ing),
advise/warn sb to + V,
promise / agree / refuse to + V,
insist on / complain about / admit + V-ing,
deny + V-ing, announce that…
ЛОВУШКИ ДЛЯ РУССКОГОВОРЯЩЕГО:
- Не путай say и tell. Tell — с адресатом.
- В косвенном вопросе НЕТ do/does/did.
- В косвенном вопросе НЕТ инверсии: "where I lived", не "where lived I".
- Suggest + герундий, не to-инфинитив.
- Will → would, can → could, must → had to.
Следующий шаг: Урок 36 — модальные глаголы для дедукции (must be, can't be, might) и в прошлом (must have been, should have done). Использования модальных, которые мы здесь только увидели в действии при backshift.
Следующий шаг: Урок 36 — модальные глаголы для дедукции (must be, can't be, might) и в прошлом (must have been, should have done). Использования модальных, которые мы здесь только увидели в действии при backshift.