Урок 27: Вся система времён — одна сетка
Словарный запас: смешанная продукция во всех временах (~28 единиц)
Как работать с этим уроком
- Прочитай — увидь всю систему целиком (10 минут).
- Произнеси все 12 форм одного глагола вслух — это и есть «гамма».
- Произведи — каждый смысл проговори на 3-х разных глаголах. Цель урока — гибкость, не запоминание.
Этот урок не вводит новой грамматики. Все 12 комбинаций ты уже знаешь по уроку. Сегодня — собираем карту: какая форма для какого смысла. Это центральный лист справки на весь курс. К нему ты будешь возвращаться многократно.
Часть 1: Английская система времён — что это вообще
В английской системе всего два измерения:
- Время (time): past — present — future (прошлое — настоящее — будущее).
- Аспект (aspect): simple — continuous — perfect — perfect continuous.
3 × 4 = 12 комбинаций. У каждой свой смысл, своя формула, свои маркеры.
Аспект — это способ видеть действие, не время. Один и тот же момент можно описать четырьмя «взглядами».
| Аспект | Что показывает |
|---|---|
| Simple | факт, привычка, общее утверждение |
| Continuous | действие в процессе в момент |
| Perfect | действие завершено к моменту / результат на момент |
| Perfect Continuous | действие длилось до момента / процесс к моменту |
Это и есть ключевое различие между русским и английским: в русском глагол выбирает между двумя видами (совершенный / несовершенный). В английском — между четырьмя аспектами, и каждый сочетается с каждым временем.
Часть 2: Полная сетка — 12 форм глагола work (он/она)
| Past | Present | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | worked | works | will work |
| Continuous | was working | is working | will be working |
| Perfect | had worked | has worked | will have worked |
| Perfect Continuous | had been working | has been working | will have been working |
Формулы по строкам
- Simple: база (+ -s в 3 л. ед.ч. настоящего) / V2 в прошлом / will + V в будущем.
- Continuous: to be (в соответствующем времени) + V-ing.
- Perfect: to have (в соответствующем времени) + V3.
- Perfect Continuous: to have (в соответствующем времени) + been + V-ing.
Заметь регулярность: continuous всюду через be + V-ing; perfect всюду через have + V3; perfect continuous всюду через have been + V-ing. Меняется только форма be или have — то есть только «время» вспомогательного.
Часть 3: Сетка по смыслам — что каждая форма значит
Present (настоящее)
| Форма | Смысл | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | привычка, факт, общее правило | She works in a bank. |
| Present Continuous | в процессе сейчас / временно / договорённость | She's working from home today. |
| Present Perfect | завершено к настоящему / опыт / результат | She has worked here for five years. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | длилось до настоящего / процесс с акцентом на длительность | She has been working all morning. |
Past (прошлое)
| Форма | Смысл | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Past Simple | завершённое действие в прошлом, в указанное время | She worked there last year. |
| Past Continuous | было в процессе в момент в прошлом | She was working when I called. |
| Past Perfect | завершилось до другого прошлого | She had worked there before she moved. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | длилось до момента в прошлом | She had been working for hours when she finally took a break. |
Future (будущее)
| Форма | Смысл | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Future Simple (will) | прогноз / решение / обещание | She'll work on it tomorrow. |
| Future Continuous | будет в процессе в момент будущего | At six she'll be working. |
| Future Perfect | завершится к моменту будущего | By Friday she'll have worked thirty hours. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | будет длиться к моменту будущего | By June she'll have been working here for ten years. |
Часть 4: Аспекты — как они различаются на одном моменте
Возьми один момент: вчера в 8 вечера. Что происходило в этот момент / к этому моменту?
| Что значит | Какой аспект | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| В этот момент я в принципе работал (общий факт о вчерашнем дне) | Past Simple | I worked yesterday. |
| В этот момент я был в процессе работы | Past Continuous | At 8 p.m. yesterday I was working. |
| К этому моменту работа уже была закончена | Past Perfect | By 8 p.m. I had finished work. |
| К этому моменту я работал уже несколько часов подряд | Past Perfect Continuous | By 8 p.m. I had been working for hours. |
Точно та же логика для настоящего:
| Что значит | Аспект | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Я работаю (вообще, по жизни) | Present Simple | I work in IT. |
| Я работаю прямо сейчас | Present Continuous | I'm working right now. |
| К текущему моменту я уже всё сделал | Present Perfect | I've finished my work. |
| Я работаю над этим уже неделю | Present Perfect Continuous | I've been working on it for a week. |
И для будущего:
| Что значит | Аспект | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Завтра я поработаю | Future Simple | I'll work tomorrow. |
| В шесть завтра буду в процессе | Future Continuous | At six tomorrow I'll be working. |
| К пятнице закончу | Future Perfect | By Friday I'll have finished. |
| К пятнице буду этим заниматься уже неделю | Future Perfect Continuous | By Friday I'll have been working on this for a week. |
Часть 5: Как выбрать форму — три вопроса
Когда говоришь о действии, ответь себе на три вопроса:
- Когда? прошлое / настоящее / будущее → выбираешь колонку.
- Это в процессе в момент или просто факт? → continuous или нет.
- Действие связано с другим моментом — завершено к нему, длилось до него? → perfect / perfect continuous, либо ни то, ни другое.
Пример пошагово
«Я живу в Москве с 2010 года.»
- Когда? Связь прошлого с настоящим (длится до сих пор) → колонка present.
- В процессе? Длительная ситуация → возможен continuous.
- Связано с моментом? Да, момент — сейчас, и подчёркивается длительность до этого момента → Present Perfect Continuous.
Ответ: I have been living in Moscow since 2010.
(С глаголом live, который сам по себе уже описывает длительное состояние, допустим и Present Perfect: I have lived in Moscow since 2010.)
Часть 6: Стативные глаголы — исключения
Некоторые глаголы — стативные (состояние, не процесс) — не используются в continuous. С ними даже «в процессе» оформляется через simple/perfect.
| Группа | Глаголы |
|---|---|
| Чувства, мнения | know, believe, understand, think (= иметь мнение), remember, forget, mean |
| Эмоции | like, love, hate, prefer, want, need |
| Восприятие | see, hear, smell, taste, feel (когда невольно) |
| Принадлежность | have (= владеть), own, belong, contain, consist |
Не I am knowing, а I know. Не She is having a car, а She has a car.
Тонкость: I'm having dinner (ем — действие, можно) vs. I have a car (владею — состояние, нельзя в continuous).
Часть 7: Маркеры по аспектам — короткая шпаргалка
| Аспект | Типичные маркеры |
|---|---|
| Simple | every day, usually, often, sometimes, last week, yesterday, in 1995, tomorrow |
| Continuous | now, right now, at the moment, currently, while, at six o'clock |
| Perfect | already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, by Monday |
| Perfect Continuous | for (two hours), since (Monday), all day, lately, recently |
Помни: маркеры — подсказка, но не закон. Один и тот же for может стоять при Past Simple (I worked there for two years — уже не работаю), при Present Perfect (I have worked here for two years — и сейчас работаю), при Present Perfect Continuous (I have been working here for two years — то же, с акцентом на длительность).
Словарь урока
- work / worked / workedработать
- live / lived / livedжить
- study / studied / studiedучиться
- read / read / readчитать (V2/V3 произносятся «red»)
- write / wrote / writtenписать
- do / did / doneделать
- finish / finished / finishedзаканчивать
- start / started / startedначинать
- build / built / builtстроить
- buy / bought / boughtпокупать
- sell / sold / soldпродавать
- travel / travelled / travelledпутешествовать
- wait / waited / waitedждать
- learn / learned / learnedучить (что-либо)
- teach / taught / taughtпреподавать
- change / changed / changedменять
- improve / improved / improvedулучшать(ся)
- plan / planned / plannedпланировать
- rain / rained / rainedидти (о дожде)
- sleep / slept / sleptспать
- cook / cooked / cookedготовить (еду)
- drive / drove / drivenводить (машину)
- ride / rode / riddenездить (на велосипеде, лошади)
- fly / flew / flownлетать
- run / ran / runбежать, бегать
- swim / swam / swumплавать
- win / won / wonвыигрывать
- lose / lost / lostпроигрывать; терять
| Немецкий | Перевод | |
|---|---|---|
work / worked / worked | работать | |
live / lived / lived | жить | |
study / studied / studied | учиться | |
read / read / read | читать (V2/V3 произносятся «red») | |
write / wrote / written | писать | |
do / did / done | делать | |
finish / finished / finished | заканчивать | |
start / started / started | начинать | |
build / built / built | строить | |
buy / bought / bought | покупать | |
sell / sold / sold | продавать | |
travel / travelled / travelled | путешествовать | |
wait / waited / waited | ждать | |
learn / learned / learned | учить (что-либо) | |
teach / taught / taught | преподавать | |
change / changed / changed | менять | |
improve / improved / improved | улучшать(ся) | |
plan / planned / planned | планировать | |
rain / rained / rained | идти (о дожде) | |
sleep / slept / slept | спать | |
cook / cooked / cooked | готовить (еду) | |
drive / drove / driven | водить (машину) | |
ride / rode / ridden | ездить (на велосипеде, лошади) | |
fly / flew / flown | летать | |
run / ran / run | бежать, бегать | |
swim / swam / swum | плавать | |
win / won / won | выигрывать | |
lose / lost / lost | проигрывать; терять |
Полный словарь
557 записей
Прочитай задание, введи ответ по-английски и нажми «Проверить». Сначала идёт локальная проверка; в сложных случаях запрашиваем подсказку у Claude. Прогресс сохраняется автоматически.
🔊 УпражненияОткроет ответы упражнений во внешнем приложении — изучай со звуком и пословным разбором.Упражнение 1. Определи время и аспект
Назови форму каждого подчёркнутого глагола (например, «Present Perfect Continuous»).
Упражнение 2. Выбери правильную форму
Поставь глагол в нужное время.
Упражнение 3. Один глагол — четыре аспекта
Поставь глагол to write в нужную форму, чтобы передать смысл.
Упражнение 4. Переведи на английский
Упражнение 5. Стативные глаголы
Найди и исправь ошибку в каждом предложении.
Нужно ещё практики? Claude составит новое упражнение из 10 заданий по словарю и теме урока.
Сгенерировано: 0 из 5
Тексты для аудирования
Три варианта на каждый урок. Открой в glottos.com для аудио с синхронизацией.
Текст AТекст к уроку 27: A day in many tenses🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- My name is Mark and I work in a bookshop.
- I have worked here for seven years.
- Right now I am sitting in the back room.
- I have been sorting new books all morning.
- Yesterday was very busy.
- I sold more than a hundred books in one day.
- While I was helping one customer, three more came in.
- By six in the evening, I had spoken to about fifty people.
- I had been standing on my feet for hours.
- Tomorrow will be quieter, I hope.
- The shop opens at nine and closes at seven.
- I am meeting my manager at three tomorrow.
- We will discuss the holiday schedule.
- At ten tomorrow I will be working in the children's section.
- By Friday I will have finished the new display.
- By the end of next month, I will have been working here for eight years.
- I never imagined I would stay this long.
- When I started, I was twenty-five years old.
- I had just left university and didn't know what to do.
- The owner gave me the job after a short interview.
- He is now retired, but he visits us every Friday.
- He has helped many young people start their careers.
- The shop has been on this street since 1982.
- Many things have changed, but the customers still love it.
- Some of them have been coming here for decades.
- One old lady has bought a book every week for forty years.
- She tells me she has read over two thousand books from us.
- By the time she stops, she will have visited us more than any other customer.
- I love my job, and I am going to stay for many years.
- Books are not just my work — they are my life.
Текст BТекст к уроку 27: Twenty years in the city🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- I moved to this city twenty years ago.
- Back then I was just twenty-three.
- I had finished my studies a few months earlier.
- I had been looking for a job for almost a year.
- Finally, a small company offered me a position.
- I started work on the first of September.
- While I was learning the job, I lived in a tiny flat.
- The flat had only one room and no kitchen.
- By the end of the first year, I had saved a little money.
- I rented a better place near the park.
- Now I own a small house on the same street.
- I have lived in this neighbourhood for fifteen years.
- I have been working at the same company for ten years.
- They have promoted me three times.
- At the moment I am leading a small team of five people.
- We are working on an interesting project.
- The team usually meets every Monday morning.
- We have already finished the first phase.
- By next summer we will have launched the new product.
- By then I will have been working here for eleven years.
- My wife and I met in this city.
- She was studying at the university when we met.
- We have been married for twelve years.
- We have two children, a boy and a girl.
- They go to a school just down the street.
- Tomorrow we are taking them to the zoo.
- The zoo opens at ten on Saturdays.
- Next year we are going to travel to Italy together.
- We have never been there before, and we are very excited.
- By the time we come back, we will have seen Rome, Florence and Venice.
Текст CТекст к уроку 27: The runner🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Sarah has always loved running.
- She started running when she was eight years old.
- As a child, she ran every morning before school.
- Her parents thought it was just a phase.
- But Sarah has been running every day for over thirty years.
- She has run in more than two hundred races.
- Last year she won her first marathon.
- When the race began, she was not feeling well.
- She had eaten something strange the night before.
- She had been training hard for six months.
- By the tenth kilometre, she felt much better.
- By the twentieth, she was leading the group.
- By the time she crossed the line, she had broken the local record.
- Right now Sarah is preparing for the next big event.
- The race takes place in three weeks.
- She is training six days a week.
- She has been running about a hundred kilometres every week.
- Her coach is helping her with technique and diet.
- He has trained champions for thirty years.
- He believes Sarah will win again this year.
- The race starts at eight in the morning.
- At nine, Sarah will be passing the halfway point.
- By eleven, she will have finished the race.
- By next summer, she will have run in eight international races.
- After the next race, she is going to take a short break.
- She is travelling to Greece with her family.
- They are spending two weeks by the sea.
- By the end of the trip, she will have rested for the first time in years.
- Then she will start training again.
- Running is not just her sport — it has become her whole life.
Аудио воспроизводится в glottos.com — открывается в новой вкладке.
Тренировка рта
Главный принцип: 95% — это тренировка рта. Читай каждую строку вслух. Не просто смотри — говори.
Языковые гаммы
🔊 Аудио-практикаГамма 1 — глагол work во всех 12 формах (3 л. ед.ч.)
She works every day. (Present Simple)
She is working right now. (Present Continuous)
She has worked here for years. (Present Perfect)
She has been working all morning. (Present Perfect Continuous)
She worked yesterday. (Past Simple)
She was working at six. (Past Continuous)
She had worked there before. (Past Perfect)
She had been working for hours. (Past Perfect Continuous)
She will work tomorrow. (Future Simple)
She will be working at six. (Future Continuous)
She will have worked thirty hours. (Future Perfect)
She will have been working for years. (Future Perfect Continuous)
Гамма 2 — все три времени в Present Perfect Continuous
I have been studying for hours.
You have been studying for hours.
He has been studying for hours.
She has been studying for hours.
We have been studying for hours.
They have been studying for hours.
Языковая матрица
Матрица 1 — выбор аспекта
| Вопрос | Ответ |
|---|---|
Матрица 2 — прошлое
| Вопрос | Ответ |
|---|---|
Матрица 3 — будущее
| Вопрос | Ответ |
|---|---|
АНГЛИЙСКАЯ СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЁН — 12 КОМБИНАЦИЙ
ВРЕМЯ (time) × АСПЕКТ (aspect) = форма
3 времени: past — present — future
4 аспекта: simple — continuous — perfect — perfect continuous
ФОРМУЛЫ ПО АСПЕКТАМ:
simple → V (база) / V-s / V2 / will V
continuous → be + V-ing
perfect → have + V3
perfect continuous → have been + V-ing
(меняется только форма be или have по времени)
СМЫСЛЫ АСПЕКТОВ:
simple → факт, привычка, общее
continuous → в процессе в момент / временно
perfect → завершено к моменту / результат
perfect continuous → длилось до момента / процесс к моменту
ПОЛНАЯ СЕТКА (глагол to work):
Past Present Future
Simple worked works will work
Continuous was working is working will be working
Perfect had worked has worked will have worked
Perfect Cont had been working has been working will have been working
ВЫБОР ФОРМЫ — три вопроса:
1. Когда? → past / present / future (выбираешь колонку)
2. В процессе или факт? → continuous или нет
3. К какому-то моменту? → perfect / perfect continuous
СТАТИВНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ (НЕ в continuous):
know, believe, understand, remember, mean
like, love, hate, want, need, prefer
see, hear, smell, taste, feel
have (= владеть), own, belong, contain
→ даже «прямо сейчас» — в simple/perfect
МАРКЕРЫ:
simple every day, yesterday, last week, in 1995
cont now, at the moment, while, at six o'clock
perfect already, yet, just, ever, never, by Monday
perf cont for X hours, since Monday, all day, lately
Следующий шаг: Урок 28 — относительные придаточные. Учишься строить сложные предложения через who, which, that, where, whose — первый шаг в синтаксис уровня B1.
Следующий шаг: Урок 28 — относительные придаточные. Учишься строить сложные предложения через who, which, that, where, whose — первый шаг в синтаксис уровня B1.