Урок 13: did — вопросы и отрицания в прошлом
Словарный запас: глаголы рассказа, слова последовательности
Как работать с этим уроком
- Прочитай правило — особенно главную ловушку «после did глагол → база» (5 минут).
- Переведи упражнения письменно — проверь по ключу.
- Проговори вслух — каждый раз, когда слышишь did, заставляй следующий глагол быть базовой формой.
- Ускоряйся — гоняй матрицу, пока «Did you go?» не вытесняет «Did you went?» окончательно.
В уроке 6 ты освоил do/does — вспомогательный для настоящего. Этот урок — его прошлая версия: did. Один вспомогательный на все лица, на все глаголы. Подарок русскоязычному: ни «делал/делала», ни «ходили/ходили» — одна форма. Но платишь главной ловушкой: после did основной глагол возвращается в базовую форму. «Did you went?» — частая ошибка; правильно: «Did you go?».
Часть 1: Главная идея — did как один вспомогательный на всё
В английском вопросы и отрицания в прошлом строятся не изменением основного глагола, а через вспомогательный did.
Шаблоны:
Утверждение: I + past form of verb. → I went to the cinema. Отрицание: I + did not + base form. → I did not go to the cinema. Вопрос: Did + I + base form? → Did I go to the cinema?
Главная вещь, которую нужно понять:
Did уже несёт «прошлое». Поэтому основной глагол прошлое НЕ несёт. Прошлое маркируется один раз — на did.
Сравни:
| Утверждение | Отрицание | Вопрос |
|---|---|---|
| I went. | I didn't go. | Did I go? |
| She saw it. | She didn't see it. | Did she see it? |
| They made dinner. | They didn't make dinner. | Did they make dinner? |
| He worked yesterday. | He didn't work yesterday. | Did he work yesterday? |
Замечаешь? В правых двух столбцах основной глагол — в базовой форме (go, see, make, work). Прошлое уже «сидит» в did/didn't.
Часть 2: ГЛАВНАЯ ловушка — после did глагол ВСЕГДА в базовой форме
Самая частая ошибка русскоязычного на этом этапе:
❌ Did you went to the park? ✅ Did you go to the park?
❌ She didn't saw him. ✅ She didn't see him.
❌ Did they had dinner? ✅ Did they have dinner?
Почему так: did уже маркирует «это было в прошлом». Если поставить ещё и went / saw / had, ты маркируешь прошлое дважды. В английском это запрещено: один маркер на один смысл.
Мнемоника: did + base. Did забирает прошлое к себе. Base — только основа глагола.
Проверь себя: видишь did или didn't в предложении? Тогда следующий смысловой глагол — в первой форме. Всегда. Без исключений.
Часть 3: Полные и краткие формы
| Полная форма | Сокращение |
|---|---|
| did not | didn't |
Did в утвердительном вопросе не сокращается — пишется did.
| Утверждение | Отрицание полное | Отрицание короткое |
|---|---|---|
| I worked | I did not work | I didn't work |
| she saw | she did not see | she didn't see |
| we ate | we did not eat | we didn't eat |
| they went | they did not go | they didn't go |
В живой речи и текстах используется почти всегда didn't. Полное did not — для эмфазы или в формальном контексте.
Часть 4: Did для всех лиц одинаково
| Лицо | Did + base | Did + not + base |
|---|---|---|
| I | Did I work? | I didn't work. |
| you | Did you work? | You didn't work. |
| he | Did he work? | He didn't work. |
| she | Did she work? | She didn't work. |
| it | Did it work? | It didn't work. |
| we | Did we work? | We didn't work. |
| they | Did they work? | They didn't work. |
Никаких does / did по лицам. В прошлом — всегда did, без вариаций. Это легче, чем в настоящем (где есть do и does).
Часть 5: Вопросы с вопросительным словом
Структура: Вопросительное слово + did + подлежащее + базовая форма?
| Вопросительное слово | Пример |
|---|---|
| What | What did you do yesterday? |
| Where | Where did she go? |
| When | When did they arrive? |
| Why | Why did he leave? |
| How | How did you find this place? |
| Who (объект) | Who did you see? |
| What time | What time did the film start? |
Исключение: если who — подлежащее вопроса, did НЕ используется, глагол стоит в прошедшей форме: Who called you? — Кто тебе звонил? (не «Who did call you?») Who saw John? — Кто видел Джона?
Сравни: Who did you call? — Кому ты звонил? (who — объект, did нужен)
Эту тонкость не зубри сейчас — она вернётся в L28 (относительные придаточные). Главное — узнавать «Who called you?» как нормальный вопрос.
Часть 6: did vs was/were — НЕ путать
ВНИМАНИЕ: to be не использует did. У него свои формы — was/were (урок 12).
| Глагол | Утверждение | Отрицание | Вопрос |
|---|---|---|---|
| to be | I was tired. | I wasn't tired. | Was I tired? |
| любой другой | I worked. | I didn't work. | Did I work? |
❌ Did you was at home? — НЕТ ✅ Were you at home?
❌ He didn't was happy. — НЕТ ✅ He wasn't happy.
Это тот же принцип, что в настоящем (урок 3 + урок 6): to be не нуждается ни в каком do/did — он сам себе вспомогательный.
Часть 7: Краткие ответы
Структура: Yes/No, подлежащее + did/didn't. Основной глагол не повторяется.
| Вопрос | Полож. ответ | Отриц. ответ |
|---|---|---|
| Did you work? | Yes, I did. | No, I didn't. |
| Did she see it? | Yes, she did. | No, she didn't. |
| Did they go? | Yes, they did. | No, they didn't. |
Заметь: «Yes, I did go» — слишком эмфатично, как «да, я ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНО ходил». Обычный ответ — короткий: «Yes, I did».
Словарь урока
- to happen / happenedслучаться / случилось
- to begin / beganначинать / начал
- to continue / continuedпродолжать / продолжил
- to end / endedзаканчивать / закончился
- to decide / decidedрешать / решил
- to try / triedпытаться / попытался
- to lose / lostтерять / потерял
- to win / wonвыигрывать / выиграл
- to bring / broughtприносить / принёс
- to send / sentпосылать / послал
- to ask / askedспрашивать / спросил
- to answer / answeredотвечать / ответил
- to forget / forgotзабывать / забыл
- to remember / rememberedпомнить / вспомнил
- to understand / understoodпонимать / понял
- firstсначала, во-первых
- thenпотом, затем
- nextследующий, потом
- after thatпосле этого
- laterпозже
- finallyнаконец
- in the endв конце концов
- suddenlyвнезапно
- at firstпоначалу, сначала
- beforeдо, перед
- duringво время
- whileпока, в то время как
- soпоэтому, итак
| Немецкий | Перевод | |
|---|---|---|
to happen / happened | случаться / случилось | |
to begin / began | начинать / начал | |
to continue / continued | продолжать / продолжил | |
to end / ended | заканчивать / закончился | |
to decide / decided | решать / решил | |
to try / tried | пытаться / попытался | |
to lose / lost | терять / потерял | |
to win / won | выигрывать / выиграл | |
to bring / brought | приносить / принёс | |
to send / sent | посылать / послал | |
to ask / asked | спрашивать / спросил | |
to answer / answered | отвечать / ответил | |
to forget / forgot | забывать / забыл | |
to remember / remembered | помнить / вспомнил | |
to understand / understood | понимать / понял | |
first | сначала, во-первых | |
then | потом, затем | |
next | следующий, потом | |
after that | после этого | |
later | позже | |
finally | наконец | |
in the end | в конце концов | |
suddenly | внезапно | |
at first | поначалу, сначала | |
before | до, перед | |
during | во время | |
while | пока, в то время как | |
so | поэтому, итак |
Полный словарь
557 записей
Прочитай задание, введи ответ по-английски и нажми «Проверить». Сначала идёт локальная проверка; в сложных случаях запрашиваем подсказку у Claude. Прогресс сохраняется автоматически.
🔊 УпражненияОткроет ответы упражнений во внешнем приложении — изучай со звуком и пословным разбором.Упражнение 1. Сделай вопрос (с did)
Упражнение 2. Сделай отрицание (с didn't)
Упражнение 3. Вставь did/didn't или was/were/wasn't/weren't
Упражнение 4. Найди и исправь ошибку
Упражнение 5. Поставь правильное вопросительное слово
Упражнение 6. Переведи с русского на английский
Упражнение 7. Постройте мини-историю
Используя слова последовательности (first, then, after that, later, finally), расскажи историю одной ситуации из прошлого. Минимум 6 предложений, минимум одно отрицание и один вопрос.
Свободное упражнение — без автопроверки. Проговори ответы вслух и иди дальше.
Нужно ещё практики? Claude составит новое упражнение из 10 заданий по словарю и теме урока.
Сгенерировано: 0 из 5
Тексты для аудирования
Три варианта на каждый урок. Открой в glottos.com для аудио с синхронизацией.
Текст AТекст к уроку 13: did в вопросах и отрицаниях🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Hi, Tom, how was your weekend?
- Did you do anything interesting?
- Yes, on Saturday I went to a concert.
- Did you go alone?
- No, I didn't. My sister came with me.
- Who played at the concert?
- A young rock band from our city.
- Did you like them?
- Yes, I liked them a lot. They were great.
- Did they play any of their new songs?
- They played two new songs and many old ones.
- After the concert, did you go home?
- No, we didn't go home right away.
- First we went to a small restaurant near the hall.
- We ate burgers and drank cold lemonade.
- Then a friend called us and invited us to a party.
- Did you go to the party?
- Yes, we did, but we didn't stay very long.
- We came home around midnight.
- Did you sleep well after such a long day?
- No, I didn't sleep well at all.
- I felt tired but my head was full of music.
- On Sunday I didn't get up early.
- I didn't do any work.
- I just read a book and drank tea.
- Did you watch any football on TV?
- No, I didn't have time for that.
- My sister and I cooked a big lunch together.
- We made soup, salad and an apple cake.
- We didn't go out again — we just talked and laughed at home.
Текст BТекст к уроку 13: did в вопросах и отрицаниях🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Did you hear about Mark from the office?
- No, I didn't. What happened?
- On Monday morning he came to work very late.
- The boss saw him and asked why.
- Mark didn't answer at first.
- Then he said his car didn't start.
- The boss didn't believe him.
- Did he have a real reason?
- Yes, but he didn't tell the truth right away.
- In fact, he forgot to set his alarm.
- He woke up an hour after his usual time.
- He tried to call a taxi, but no taxi came quickly.
- So he ran to the metro station.
- The metro was slow that morning because of an accident.
- Did the boss get angry?
- At first, yes. He didn't say much.
- Then Mark told the whole story.
- He apologised and promised it would not happen again.
- The boss listened carefully and finally smiled.
- He told Mark to go to his desk and start work.
- Did the day end well?
- In a way, yes. Mark finished his report in the evening.
- He didn't go to lunch with us — he ate at his desk.
- He didn't take any breaks all day.
- We all helped him a little when we had time.
- In the end, he sent the report to the boss at six.
- The boss read it and said it was good.
- Did Mark feel better after that?
- He looked very tired but happy.
- He didn't forget his alarm again — at least not that week.
Текст CТекст к уроку 13: did в вопросах и отрицаниях🔊 Аудио-практика ↗
- Last Tuesday I lost my wallet.
- I didn't know where I left it.
- First I checked my bag, but it wasn't there.
- Did I leave it at home? No, I didn't.
- Did I drop it on the street? Maybe.
- I tried to remember every place I went that day.
- In the morning I went to a café.
- I bought a coffee and a small cake.
- Did I pay with cash or with my card?
- I paid with cash, so I took my wallet out.
- After the café I went to the post office.
- I sent a parcel to my parents.
- Did I use my wallet there? Yes, I did.
- Then I went to a bookshop near the park.
- I bought a new book about Italy.
- Did I have my wallet when I left the shop?
- I didn't remember exactly.
- I called the café first. They didn't find any wallet.
- I called the post office. They said no, they didn't see one.
- Finally I called the bookshop.
- A kind woman answered the phone.
- She asked me what colour the wallet was.
- I said it was dark brown with a small zip.
- She said yes, she found one near the door.
- Did I feel happy? Of course I did!
- I took a bus and went to the shop right away.
- The woman gave me my wallet.
- Nothing was missing — not even a single coin.
- I thanked her many times and bought her a coffee.
- I didn't lose my wallet again — I now check my bag every hour.
Аудио воспроизводится в glottos.com — открывается в новой вкладке.
Тренировка рта
Главный принцип: 95% — это тренировка рта. Читай каждую строку вслух. Не просто смотри — говори.
Часть 9: Языковые гаммы
🔊 Аудио-практикаГамма 1 — Did + подлежащее + base (вопрос)
Did I see the film?
Did you see the film?
Did he see the film?
Did she see the film?
Did we see the film?
Did they see the film?
Заметь: see, не saw. После did всегда базовая форма.
Гамма 2 — didn't + base (отрицание)
I didn't go to work
You didn't go to work
He didn't go to work
She didn't go to work
We didn't go to work
They didn't go to work
Гамма 3 — короткие ответы
Did you eat? — Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
Did she call? — Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
Did they win? — Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.
Did it rain? — Yes, it did. / No, it didn't.
Часть 10: Языковая матрица
🔊 Аудио-практикаМатрица 1 — «Что случилось вчера?»
What did you do yesterday? — I worked at home.
Where did you go? — I went to the park.
When did you come back? — I came back at six.
Who did you see? — I saw my friend Mark.
Why did you go there? — Because the weather was nice.
How did you get there? — I took the bus.
Матрица 2 — отрицания и контраст
Did you eat breakfast? — No, I didn't eat anything.
Did she call you? — No, she didn't, but she sent a message.
Did they come to the party? — No, they didn't come.
Did he finish the book? — No, he didn't finish it.
Did it rain yesterday? — No, it didn't. The weather was nice.
Матрица 3 — небольшая история с вопросами
A: Where did you go last weekend?
B: I went to a small town near the sea.
A: Did you go alone?
B: No, I didn't. I went with my sister.
A: What did you do there?
B: We walked on the beach and ate seafood.
A: Did you stay at a hotel?
B: Yes, we did. A small one near the harbour.
A: Did you like it?
B: Yes, we loved it. We didn't want to come home.
DID = вспомогательный для прошедшего.
Один на все лица. Используется в:
- вопросах: Did you go?
- отрицаниях: I didn't go.
ГЛАВНАЯ ЛОВУШКА:
После DID или DIDN'T глагол ВСЕГДА в базовой форме!
❌ Did you went? ✅ Did you go?
❌ She didn't saw ✅ She didn't see
Почему: did уже несёт «прошлое». Маркер — один.
ШАБЛОНЫ:
Утв. : I went (past form)
Отр. : I didn't go (didn't + base)
Вопрос : Did I go? (did + subj + base?)
WH-? : Where did I go? (WH + did + subj + base?)
КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ:
Did you...? → Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
Did she...? → Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
DID ≠ WAS/WERE:
глагол to be → was / were (без did)
любой другой → did
❌ Did you was? ✅ Were you?
❌ He didn't was ✅ He wasn't
WHO как ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ — без did:
Who called you? (кто позвонил — без did)
но: Who did you call? (кому позвонил — с did)
Сокращение: did not → didn't (в живой речи — всегда didn't)
Следующий шаг: Урок 14 — Артикли, второй заход. Систематические правила: the для уникального и повторного, a/an для профессий и первого упоминания, нулевой артикль для общих множественных, неисчисляемых, географических названий, приёмов пищи и абстрактных существительных. Самая важная тема для русскоязычного — три варианта там, где русский даёт ноль.
Следующий шаг: Урок 14 — Артикли, второй заход. Систематические правила: the для уникального и повторного, a/an для профессий и первого упоминания, нулевой артикль для общих множественных, неисчисляемых, географических названий, приёмов пищи и абстрактных существительных. Самая важная тема для русскоязычного — три варианта там, где русский даёт ноль.