Lesson 35: The imperative. Commands, requests, advice — and why the formal imperative IS congiuntivo

Vocabulary: instructions, requests, advice, directions; polite formulas

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the derivation rule — it's one beautiful rule: the formal Lei is literally the congiuntivo you learned in L31 (3 minutes).
  2. Run the forms out loudtu, Lei, noi, voi, Loro — until the five-row sequence flows on its own.
  3. Drill with pronounsdimmelo, glielo dica, fammelo vedere. Pronoun attachment is the main muscle work of this lesson.

This lesson is the most practical one in Block 4. Buying a coffee, asking directions, hurrying a friend along, giving advice — all of it is imperative. The headline Italian fact: half of the imperative forms ARE the congiuntivo you already learned. One set of forms, one more job. For English speakers there's an extra layer: English has only one "you" command — "Come here!" works for everyone. Italian has separate forms for tu (a friend) and Lei (a stranger, your boss, your doctor) — and the Lei form is the congiuntivo. This is a new social register to learn.


Part 1: The big idea — the five-row table

In Italian, the imperative exists for five persons: tu, Lei, noi, voi, Loro. (For io and lui/lei it would be illogical — you can't command yourself or a third party directly.)

PersonTo whomWhere the form comes from
tua friend, a childspecial form (see Part 2)
Leiformal "you" (one person)congiuntivo presente, lui/lei
noi"let's…"same as present indicative noi
voiyou (several)same as present indicative voi
Loroformal "you" (several) — rare in everyday speechcongiuntivo presente, loro

Base table — three regular verbs

Personparlarecrederedormire
tuparla!credi!dormi!
Leiparli!creda!dorma!
noiparliamo!crediamo!dormiamo!
voiparlate!credete!dormite!
Loroparlino!credano!dormano!

Notice: the Lei and Loro rows are exactly the congiuntivo presente in the lui/lei and loro forms. You already know them from L31.

-IRE with -ISC- (the finire, capire type)

Personfinire
tufinisci!
Leifinisca! (= cong.)
noifiniamo!
voifinite!
Lorofiniscano! (= cong.)

Part 2: The tu form — peculiarities

For the vast majority of regular verbs, the tu imperative coincides with the present tense tubut with one important catch for -ARE:

Verb typetu (present)tu (imperative)
-ARE: parlareparliparla! (ending -a, not -i!)
-ARE: lavorarelavorilavora!
-ERE: prendereprendiprendi! (same)
-IRE: dormiredormidormi! (same)
-IRE: finirefiniscifinisci! (same)

Main point: for an -ARE verb, the tu imperative is -a, not -i: parla!, mangia!, ascolta!, guarda!, aspetta! This is the only case where the tu imperative form differs from the present.

Short imperative forms for tu (tu only!)

Seven high-frequency verbs have short tu imperative forms:

VerbtuLong form
andareva'! (or vai!)
dareda'! (or dai!)
farefa'! (or fai!)
staresta'! (or stai!)
diredi'!
esseresii!
avereabbi!

These short forms (with the apostrophe) are mandatory when attaching pronouns: dimmi!, fammi vedere!, dammelo! — see Part 5.


Part 3: The headline Italian feature — the formal imperative IS congiuntivo

This is the heart of the lesson. In Italian, when addressing someone formally (Lei), commands are built as the congiuntivo presente in the lui/lei form:

English (formal "you")Italian (Lei)Where the form comes from
Speak!Parli!cong. presente lui parli
Listen!Ascolti!cong. presente lui ascolti
Tell me!Mi dica!cong. presente lui dica
Go!Vada!cong. presente lui vada
Come!Venga!cong. presente lui venga
Do it!Faccia!cong. presente lui faccia
Excuse me!Mi scusi!cong. presente lui scusi
Wait!Aspetti!cong. presente lui aspetti
Wait a moment.Aspetti un momento.same
Stay well!Sia in salute!cong. lui sia

The logic: Mi dica! literally means "(may he) tell me" — i.e. "(I wish) that you tell me". That's congiuntivo with the sense "let…", turned into a command. This is the most frequent use of congiuntivo in live speech — every trip to a shop, a café, a doctor's office uses the formal imperative.

Master table — five persons across six verbs

parlarevenirefareandaredireessere
tuparla!vieni!fa'!va'!di'!sii!
Leiparli!venga!faccia!vada!dica!sia!
noiparliamo!veniamo!facciamo!andiamo!diciamo!siamo!
voiparlate!venite!fate!andate!dite!siate!
Loroparlino!vengano!facciano!vadano!dicano!siano!

Part 4: The negative imperative — a special trap for tu

The Italian oddity: the negative imperative for tu is the infinitive, not the imperative form.

PersonAffirmativeNegative
tuparla!non parlare! (infinitive!)
Leiparli!non parli!
noiparliamo!non parliamo!
voiparlate!non parlate!
Loroparlino!non parlino!
EnglishItalian
Don't speak!Non parlare!
Don't do it!Non fare!
Don't come!Non venire!
Don't go away!Non andare!
Don't eat!Non mangiare!

Remember: non parla! does NOT exist. Only non parlare! For all other persons (Lei, noi, voi, Loro) — just add non before the affirmative form.


Part 5: Pronouns with the imperative — the main muscle work

This is the part where Italian gives you its brightest phrases. Direct, indirect, and reflexive pronouns attach to the end of the affirmative imperative for tu, noi, voi. With the Lei form — the opposite: they go before the verb.

Attachment rule

FormWhere pronouns go
tuattach to the end: Dimmi! "Tell me!"
Leibefore the verb: Mi dica! "Tell me!"
noiattach to the end: Diamogli! "Let's give him!"
voiattach to the end: Ditegli! "Tell him!"
Lorobefore the verb: Mi dicano! (rare in everyday speech)

Consonant doubling — short tu forms

The seven short forms (Part 2), when a pronoun is attached, double the first consonant of the pronoun:

Verb + pronounResultTranslation
di' + midimmi!tell me!
da' + midammi!give me!
fa' + mifammi + vedereshow me
va' + civacci!go there!
sta' + cistacci!stay there!
da' + lodallo!give it!
fa' + lofallo!do it!

Exception — the pronoun gli does not double: digli!, dagli!

Double pronouns — combinations

Verb + pronounsResultTranslation
di' + me + lodimmelo!tell me it!
da' + me + lodammelo!give me it!
fa' + me + lofammelo + vedereshow me it
porta + me + loportamelo!bring me it!

Double-pronoun rule: indirect + direct = me lo, te lo, glielo, ce lo, ve lo, glielo (with gli/le → glie-, as in L17). All written as one word with the verb.

With the Lei form — the opposite, before the verb

ItalianEnglish
Mi dica!Tell me!
Me lo dica!Tell me it!
Glielo dia!Give it to him!
Mi scusi!Excuse me!
Si accomodi!Come in! (lit. "make yourself comfortable")

Negative imperative with pronouns

In tu (the infinitive form), pronouns can go either before or after:

EnglishItalian
Don't tell me!Non dirmi! (or: Non mi dire!)
Don't do it!Non farlo! (or: Non lo fare!)
Don't give it to him!Non darglielo! (or: Non glielo dare!)

With Lei — only before:

Non mi dica! "Don't tell me!" — never non dica mi.


Part 9: Review

R1 → Lesson 34 (conjunctions)

Translate:

  1. Tell me so I know.
  2. Leave before he arrives.
  3. Do it, unless it's too late.
Key
  1. Dimmi affinché io sappia. (or: Dimmelo perché io sappia.)
  2. Vai via prima che lui arrivi.
  3. Fallo, a meno che non sia tardi.

R2 → Lesson 33 (doubt, opinion)

Translate: "I think he's right." / "I don't think he's right."

Key

Credo che abbia ragione. / Non credo che abbia ragione. (Remember: in Italian, after credere chealways congiuntivo!)

R3 → Lesson 31 (congiuntivo forms)

Give the congiuntivo for lui (= the Lei-imperative form):

  1. parlare
  2. venire
  3. fare
  4. andare
  5. dire
  6. essere
  7. avere
Key
  1. parli
  2. venga
  3. faccia
  4. vada
  5. dica
  6. sia
  7. abbia

Next up: Lesson 36 — congiuntivo imperfetto and the full system of se-sentences. Conditional scenarios: real (se piove, resto a casa), hypothetical (se piovesse, resterei a casa), and getting ready for the counterfactual (L37). The imperfect subjunctive is the last big verb form in the course.

Lesson 35: The imperative. Commands, requests, advice — and why the formal imperative IS congiuntivo · Italiano · Glottos Matrix