Lesson 31: Congiuntivo presente — the forms

Vocabulary: high-frequency verbs of every conjugation type, run through the subjunctive

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the derivation rule — there's only one and it's simple (3 min).
  2. Run the tables out loud — person by person, verb by verb. Without fluency on the forms, the next four lessons (L32–L35) will stall.
  3. Drill the matrix exercises — "congiuntivo of avere, noi" — until the answer flies out in under a second.

This lesson is forms only. No "when to use it" — that gets sorted out in L32–L34, and in L35 the same forms come back as the formal imperative. Good news: the derivation rule is one rule and works almost everywhere. Bad news: there are about eight exceptions, and you need to know them cold. If you did the work in L8 (irregular io-forms of the present), 80% of this lesson is already done: the congiuntivo is built from the io-form of the present indicative.


Part 1: What the subjunctive even is (for English speakers)

English used to have a real subjunctive mood. It mostly died, but a corpse survives in a few phrases: "If I were you" (not was), "I demand that he be on time" (not is), "Long live the king" (not lives). What they share: the speaker is not stating a fact — they're naming a hypothetical, a wish, a demand, a doubt.

Italian does this all the time. Where English caved and switched to plain indicative ("I hope he comes") or modal paraphrase ("I want him to come"), Italian kept the subjunctive alive: Spero che venga ("I hope he comes"), Voglio che tu venga ("I want you to come"), Credo che abbia ragione ("I think he's right"). The congiuntivo is a separate set of verb endings — a parallel conjugation. This lesson teaches only the forms. When to use them comes in L32–L34. Treat it like the multiplication table: boring but non-negotiable. Once it's in muscle memory, the next lessons get easy.


Part 2: The master rule — "io-form, drop -o, opposite vowel"

Take the verb in the present indicative, the io form, drop the -o — that's your congiuntivo stem. Then add endings using the opposite thematic vowel:

  • -ARE verbs take -i endings (the opposite of their normal a)
  • -ERE / -IRE verbs take -a endings (the opposite of their normal e or i)

That's the whole trick.

Typeio (present)stem+ endings
-AREparloparl--i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino
-EREcredocred--a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano
-IREdormodorm--a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano

Full tables — regular verbs

parlare (to speak):

PersonForm
ioparli
tuparli
lui / leiparli
noiparliamo
voiparliate
loroparlino

credere (to believe, to think):

PersonForm
iocreda
tucreda
lui / leicreda
noicrediamo
voicrediate
lorocredano

dormire (to sleep):

PersonForm
iodorma
tudorma
lui / leidorma
noidormiamo
voidormiate
lorodormano

Notice: the first three persons singular are identicalparli, parli, parli; creda, creda, creda. That's normal. To remove ambiguity, subject pronouns are often kept in the congiuntivo: che io parli, che tu parli, che lui parli.

-IRE with -ISC- (the finire, capire, preferire type)

The -isc- insert shows up in exactly the same places as in the present — 1, 2, 3 sg and 3 pl — but NOT in noi/voi.

finire (to finish):

PersonForm
iofinisca
tufinisca
lui / leifinisca
noifiniamo
voifiniate
lorofiniscano

Same logic for capire (capisca), preferire (preferisca), spedire (spedisca), pulire (pulisca).


Part 3: The rule in action — a "weird" io-form carries into ALL persons

If the present tense has an irregular io-form with -go or some other oddity (the Italian "g-verbs": vado, vengo, faccio, dico, salgo, scelgo, tolgo, valgo), that weirdness gets baked into the congiuntivo stem and shows up everywhere — including noi/voi for some, but not all.

Infinitiveio (presente)stemio (cong.)noi (cong.)loro (cong.)
diredicodic-dicadiciamodicano
saliresalgosalg-salgasaliamosalgano
sceglierescelgoscelg-scelgascegliamoscelgano
toglieretolgotolg-tolgatogliamotolgano
valerevalgovalg-valgavaliamovalgano
rimanererimangorimang-rimangarimaniamorimangano
teneretengoteng-tengateniamotengano
porrepongopong-pongaponiamopongano
tradurretraducotraduc-traducatraduciamotraducano

The key insight: unlike the present indicative, where the irregular io stands alone (dico, dici, dice…), in the congiuntivo all six persons inherit the irregular stem. dico → dica, dica, dica, diciamo, diciate, dicano — every one with dic-. Watch the noi/voi: for many verbs (salire, scegliere, togliere, rimanere, tenere), the noi/voi forms revert to the "calm" stem — saliamo, scegliamo, togliamo, rimaniamo, teniamo. That's because in the present indicative, noi/voi already had the calm stem.

Full table: dire

PersonForm
iodica
tudica
lui / leidica
noidiciamo
voidiciate
lorodicano

Full table: salire

PersonForm
iosalga
tusalga
lui / leisalga
noisaliamo
voisaliate
lorosalgano

Part 4: The main irregular verbs — memorize cold

These verbs don't have a normal io-form on -o, or their congiuntivo doesn't follow the standard rule. They are the heart of Italian congiuntivo — without them, none of the next four lessons works.

essere (to be)

PersonForm
iosia
tusia
lui / leisia
noisiamo
voisiate
lorosiano

avere (to have)

PersonForm
ioabbia
tuabbia
lui / leiabbia
noiabbiamo
voiabbiate
loroabbiano

fare (to do, to make)

PersonForm
iofaccia
tufaccia
lui / leifaccia
noifacciamo
voifacciate
lorofacciano

andare (to go)

PersonForm
iovada
tuvada
lui / leivada
noiandiamo
voiandiate
lorovadano

venire (to come)

PersonForm
iovenga
tuvenga
lui / leivenga
noiveniamo
voiveniate
lorovengano

potere (to be able)

PersonForm
iopossa
tupossa
lui / leipossa
noipossiamo
voipossiate
loropossano

volere (to want)

PersonForm
iovoglia
tuvoglia
lui / leivoglia
noivogliamo
voivogliate
lorovogliano

sapere (to know a fact)

PersonForm
iosappia
tusappia
lui / leisappia
noisappiamo
voisappiate
lorosappiano

dovere (to have to)

PersonForm
iodebba (or deva)
tudebba
lui / leidebba
noidobbiamo
voidobbiate
lorodebbano

dare (to give), stare (to be, to stay)

Persondarestare
iodiastia
tudiastia
lui / leidiastia
noidiamostiamo
voidiatestiate
lorodianostiano

Mnemonic for the core eight: sia-abbia-faccia-vada-venga-possa-voglia-sappia. Run this set every day for a week — the payoff is huge. These eight are the most common congiuntivo forms in everyday Italian.


Part 5: How this connects to L8, L11 — the pieces snap together

Lesson 8 (present-tense forms). You learned dico, vengo, vado, faccio, posso, voglio, devo, so as present-tense forms. Now it turns out: those exact stems build the entire congiuntivo. If you've forgotten them, revisit L8 and run them again. Without them, you can't build congiuntivo.

Lesson 11 (modal verbs). You learned three modals — potere, volere, dovere. All three are in the irregular congiuntivo list: possa, voglia, debba. They are the most-used forms in L32 — "I hope you can", "I don't want him to go".

Lesson 35 (coming up — imperative). All formal address forms (Lei, Loro) in the imperative are the congiuntivo: Parli! Venga! Mi dica! — literally "(may you) speak / come / tell me". So the forms you learn today come back four lessons later, dressed up as the formal imperative.

ConstructionWhich form set
Imperative tu / voi (affirmative)Special imperative forms (L35)
Imperative Lei (formal)congiuntivo (L35)
Imperative Loro (formal)congiuntivo (L35)
Imperative noi ("let's…")congiuntivo (= the parliamo form) (L35)
Subjunctive in subordinate clausescongiuntivo (L32–L34)

Takeaway: you're not learning "yet another mood" — you're learning the core of all advanced grammar. One set of forms, multiple jobs.


Next up: Lesson 32 — the first use of congiuntivo: after verbs of will, necessity, and emotion (voglio che, è necessario che, sono contento che). You already have the forms — now you learn to fire them off in the right context.

Lesson 31: Congiuntivo presente — the forms · Italiano · Glottos Matrix