Lesson 21: Future Tense in Pa'al, Pi'el, Hif'il — Prefix-Suffix Conjugation

Vocabulary: future markers (machar, shavua haba, beod, achar kakh), verbs of plans and intentions in three binyanim

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the main point — the future in Hebrew is built a third way, neither like the present nor like the past. You need to grasp this before memorizing the forms.
  2. Run the paradigm — every root through 10 persons (ani → ata → at → hu → hi → anachnu → atem → aten → hem → hen). Out loud, several times.
  3. Compare three tenses of one root — look at ק-ת-ב in present (L8), past (L12) and future (this lesson) side by side. Contrast is the most efficient teacher.
  4. Link it to the imperative — Hebrew often says "you will write" instead of "write." This isn't a mistake, it's the norm of speech.

Understanding the three conjugation systems = 10%. Training your speech apparatus on the prefixes = 90%. This lesson is a pivot point of the course. Before it, you built two systems (present and past). After it, you hold a full verb in your hands: three tenses × several binyanim.


Part 1: The main point — Hebrew conjugates the verb in THREE different ways

By this lesson you have two ways of conjugating a verb in your head:

Present (L8) — this is a participle, agreeing only in gender and number: 4 forms.

Personm.sg.f.sg.m.pl.f.pl.
All personsכּוֹתֵב kotevכּוֹתֶבֶת kotevetכּוֹתְבִים kotvimכּוֹתְבוֹת kotvot

Notice: ani kotev, ata kotev, hu kotev — the same form for three different persons. The present doesn't distinguish "I / you / he" — only gender and number.

Past (L12) — this is a SUFFIX conjugation, 10 forms:

PersonForm
aniכָּתַבְתִּי katavti
ataכָּתַבְתָּ katavta
atכָּתַבְתְּ katavt
huכָּתַב katav
hiכָּתְבָה katva
anachnuכָּתַבְנוּ katavnu
atemכְּתַבְתֶּם ktavtem
atenכְּתַבְתֶּן ktavten
hemכָּתְבוּ katvu
henכָּתְבוּ katvu

Notice: stem katav- + person suffix on the back (-ti, -ta, -t, -nu, -tem, -ten, -u). No prefix.

Future (this lesson) — this is a PREFIX-SUFFIX conjugation, 10 forms:

PersonForm
aniאֶכְתּוֹב ekhtov
ataתִּכְתּוֹב tikhtov
atתִּכְתְּבִי tikhtevi
huיִכְתּוֹב yikhtov
hiתִּכְתּוֹב tikhtov
anachnuנִכְתּוֹב nikhtov
atemתִּכְתְּבוּ tikhtevu
atenתִּכְתְּבוּ tikhtevu
hemיִכְתְּבוּ yikhtevu
henיִכְתְּבוּ yikhtevu

Notice: prefix in front (e-, ti-, yi-, ni-) + stem -khtov + for some persons also a suffix (-i, -u). This is what "prefix-suffix" conjugation means.


Part 2: Why three different ways? The logic of the system

This isn't a whim of the language — there's a clear logic behind the three ways:

TenseWhat the form doesWhere it pulls its info from
Presentdescribes the actor as a "doer"gender + number (like an adjective)
Pastreports: action happenedperson + gender + number (suffix on the back)
Futurereports: action will happenperson + gender + number (prefix in front + sometimes a suffix)

Prefix in front = "I / you / he / we." This is the ancient Semitic system, more than 3000 years old. The same setup is in Arabic.

Memorize the mnemonic for the future prefixes: ATAN (אית"ן) — four letters א-ת-י-נ, and they are all four prefixes of the future tense:

  • א (a-/e-) → "I" (ani)
  • ת (t-/ti-/te-) → "you / she" (ata, at, hi)
  • י (y-/yi-/ye-) → "he / they" (hu, hem, hen)
  • נ (n-/ni-/ne-) → "we" (anachnu)

That's it. There are no other future-tense prefixes. To distinguish "you" from "she," "you pl." from "you," the suffixes help.


Part 3: Future in Pa'al — root ק-ת-ב (write)

Base model — the verb lichtov (to write). Root k-t-v. Future stem — -khtov-.

PersonHebrewTranslitEnglish
aniאֶכְתּוֹבekhtovI will write
ataתִּכְתּוֹבtikhtovyou (m.) will write
atתִּכְתְּבִיtikhteviyou (f.) will write
huיִכְתּוֹבyikhtovhe will write
hiתִּכְתּוֹבtikhtovshe will write
anachnuנִכְתּוֹבnikhtovwe will write
atemתִּכְתְּבוּtikhtevuyou (m.pl.) will write
atenתִּכְתְּבוּtikhtevuyou (f.pl.) will write
hemיִכְתְּבוּyikhtevuthey (m.) will write
henיִכְתְּבוּyikhtevuthey (f.) will write

Watch for the overlaps:

  • ata = hi → both forms are tikhtov. Only context (either the pronoun or the previous sentence) distinguishes them.
  • at = atem/aten → all three tikhtevu? No: at = tikhtevi (with -i), and atem/aten = tikhtevu (with -u). Don't confuse them.
  • atem = aten → tikhtevu. Modern Hebrew doesn't distinguish "you m." and "you f." in the future (as in the past, atem-tem / aten-ten is gradually merging).
  • hem = hen → yikhtevu. Also merge.

Bottom line: of the 10 "theoretical" forms in the modern future, really distinguishable are about 6–7. This is easier than in the past, where all 10 forms are in fact distinct.

Other frequent Pa'al verbs — the same template

Infinitiveaniatahuanachnuhem
ללמוד lilmod (to study, learn)אלמד elmadתלמד tilmadילמד yilmadנלמד nilmadילמדו yilmedu
לסגור lisgor (to close)אסגור esgorתסגור tisgorיסגור yisgorנסגור nisgorיסגרו yisgeru
לשמור lishmor (to keep)אשמור eshmorתשמור tishmorישמור yishmorנשמור nishmorישמרו yishmeru
לגמור ligmor (to finish)אגמור egmorתגמור tigmorיגמור yigmorנגמור nigmorיגמרו yigmeru

Notice the vowel template in Pa'al future: between the first and second root letters — usually "a" (ea, tia, yia) or "o" in the stem (ekhtov, esgor, eshmor). These are the typical Pa'al future "patterns" — e-CCoC and e-CCaC. Which one applies depends on the verb; memorized with the verb.


Part 4: Future in Pi'el — root ק-ב-ל (receive)

Pi'el is a binyan with a different set of prefix vowels. Base model — lekabel (to receive). In the past it was kibel/kibalti (L13).

In the future the Pi'el stem is -kabel-. The prefixes are the same ATAN, but the vowels are "a", not "i/e."

PersonHebrewTranslitEnglish
aniאֲקַבֵּלakabelI will receive
ataתְּקַבֵּלtekabelyou (m.) will receive
atתְּקַבְּלִיtekabeliyou (f.) will receive
huיְקַבֵּלyekabelhe will receive
hiתְּקַבֵּלtekabelshe will receive
anachnuנְקַבֵּלnekabelwe will receive
atemתְּקַבְּלוּtekabeluyou (m.pl.) will receive
atenתְּקַבְּלוּtekabeluyou (f.pl.) will receive
hemיְקַבְּלוּyekabeluthey (m.) will receive
henיְקַבְּלוּyekabeluthey (f.) will receive

Pa'al vs. Pi'el contrast in the future:

  • Pa'al: ekhtov, tikhtov, yikhtov, nikhtov (vowels "e/i")
  • Pi'el: akabel, tekabel, yekabel, nekabel (vowels "a/e")
  • The roots are different (k-t-v vs. k-b-l) — but even on an identical root, Pi'el and Pa'al will sound different because of the vowel pattern.

Other frequent Pi'el verbs in the future

Infinitiveaniatahuanachnuhem
לדבר ledaber (to speak)אדבר adaberתדבר tedaberידבר yedaberנדבר nedaberידברו yedabru
לבקש levakesh (to ask, request)אבקש avakeshתבקש tevakeshיבקש yevakeshנבקש nevakeshיבקשו yevakshu
לחפש lechapes (to search)אחפש achapesתחפש techapesיחפש yechapesנחפש nechapesיחפשו yechapsu
לשלם leshalem (to pay)אשלם ashalemתשלם teshalemישלם yeshalemנשלם neshalemישלמו yeshalmu

Part 5: Future in Hif'il — root נ-ג-ד (to tell, report)

Hif'il (L14) is the causative binyan. Base model — lehagid (to say, tell). In the past it was higadti.

In the future the Hif'il stem is -agid-. Yet another set of vowels.

PersonHebrewTranslitEnglish
aniאַגִּידagidI will say
ataתַּגִּידtagidyou (m.) will say
atתַּגִּידִיtagidiyou (f.) will say
huיַגִּידyagidhe will say
hiתַּגִּידtagidshe will say
anachnuנַגִּידnagidwe will say
atemתַּגִּידוּtagiduyou (m.pl.) will say
atenתַּגִּידוּtagiduyou (f.pl.) will say
hemיַגִּידוּyagiduthey (m.) will say
henיַגִּידוּyagiduthey (f.) will say

Contrast of all three binyanim in the first person (ani):

  • Pa'al: ekhtov "I will write" (prefix e-)
  • Pi'el: akabel "I will receive" (prefix a-)
  • Hif'il: agid "I will say" (prefix a-, with long "i" in the stem)

The prefixes are similar between Pi'el and Hif'il (both "a"), but the stem differs — Pi'el has a doubled middle root letter (kabbel), Hif'il has a long "i" in the stem (agid).

Other frequent Hif'il verbs in the future

Infinitiveaniatahuanachnuhem
להסביר lehasbir (to explain)אסביר asbirתסביר tasbirיסביר yasbirנסביר nasbirיסבירו yasbiru
להזמין lehazmin (to invite)אזמין azminתזמין tazminיזמין yazminנזמין nazminיזמינו yazminu
להחליט lehachlit (to decide)אחליט achlitתחליט tachlitיחליט yachlitנחליט nachlitיחליטו yachlitu
להתחיל lehatchil (to begin)אתחיל atchilתתחיל tatchilיתחיל yatchilנתחיל natchilיתחילו yatchilu

Part 6: Future ≈ imperative — critical for the English speaker

This is the single most important thing for an English speaker in this lesson.

English has a separate imperative form: "write!", "come!", "say!". They are different from the future ("you will write," "you will come").

In Hebrew, the imperative formally exists (we'll cover it in L23), but in conversation it's barely used. Instead of "come!" an Israeli will say "you will come" — that is, the 2nd-person future-tense form.

EnglishHebrew with future tenseTranslit
Write me! (m.)תכתוב לי!Tikhtov li!
Write me! (f.)תכתבי לי!Tikhtevi li!
Tell me! (m.)תגיד לי!Tagid li!
Tell me! (f.)תגידי לי!Tagidi li!
Close the door! (m.pl.)תסגרו את הדלת!Tisgeru et ha-delet!
Explain (m.)!תסביר!Tasbir!
Wait (f.)!תחכי!Techaki!

Subtle but important: Hebrew does not distinguish "you will write" (future) from "write!" (command) by form — only by intonation and context. תכתוב לי = either "you will write me" (future) or "write me!" (request).

This explains why Israelis in English often say "you will tell me" instead of "tell me" — they calque their native model.

Negative imperative (we'll come back in L23): "don't write!" = אל תכתוב (al tikhtov), not לא תכתוב (lo tikhtov). lo + future = "you will not write" (statement of fact); al + future = "don't write!" (prohibition). A subtle but critical contrast.


Part 7: Future-tense markers — signal words

Hebrew, like English, likes to "anchor" the future to a time marker. These are words that signal: the next phrase is going to be in the future.

HebrewTranslitEnglishRegister
מָחָרmachartomorrowuniversal
מָחֳרָתַיִםmacharatayimthe day after tomorrowbookish; colloquially od yom
בְּעוֹד שָׁעָהbeod sha'ain an hourbeod + period
בְּעוֹד שָׁבוּעַbeod shavuain a week
בְּעוֹד חוֹדֶשׁbeod chodeshin a month
הַשָּׁבוּעַ הַבָּאha-shavua ha-banext week(literally "the week coming")
הַחוֹדֶשׁ הַבָּאha-chodesh ha-banext month
הַשָּׁנָה הַבָּאָהha-shana ha-ba'anext year(ha-ba'a — f., shana — f.)
אַחַר כָּךְachar kakhthen, afterwards
אַחַר כָּךְ אֲנִיachar kakh ani…then I…very frequent
בְּקָרוֹבbekarovsoon
תֵּכֶףtekhefright now, in a moment
מִיָּדmiyadat once, immediately
בְּסוֹףbasofin the end
מָתַי?matai?when?question

Verbs of plans and intentions

HebrewTranslitEnglish
לתכנןletakhnen (Pi'el)to plan
לקוותlekavot (Pi'el)to hope
לחשובlachshov (Pa'al)to think, consider, plan
להחליטlehachlit (Hif'il)to decide
להבטיחlehavtiach (Hif'il)to promise
לרצותlirtsot (Pa'al)to want
צריךtsarikhmust, need to
יכולyakholcan, be able

Example of an extended phrase:

מָחָר אֲנִי אַסְבִּיר לְךָ אֶת הַתּוֹכְנִית, וְאַחַר כָּךְ נַחְלִיט בְּיַחַד. Machar ani asbir lekha et ha-tokhnit, ve-achar kakh nachlit be-yachad. Tomorrow I'll explain the plan to you, and then we'll decide together.

All three verbs (asbir Hif'il, nachlit Hif'il) — in the future. The markers machar and achar kakh "tune" the listener to the future.


Next up: Lesson 22 — Reading WITHOUT nikkud. Starting in this lesson, vowel points disappear. You'll learn how an Israeli reads "bare" consonants and guesses the vowels by root and pattern. This is a pivot moment — from textbook Hebrew to the real thing.

Lesson 21: Future Tense in Pa'al, Pi'el, Hif'il — Prefix-Suffix Conjugation · עברית · Glottos Matrix