Lesson 22: Passé composé with être. The "être house" and reflexive verbs

Vocabulary: Verbs of motion and state change, reflexive verbs in the past

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the rule about the auxiliary split (5 minutes).
  2. Memorize the être house — it's a closed list, ~15 verbs plus all reflexives.
  3. Drill out loud — and this time, with subject agreement on the participle.
  4. Run the matrix in both genders. You can't write "Je suis allé" without thinking "am I masculine or feminine right now?"

French splits the past tense in two: 95% of verbs take avoir, but a small private club walks with être. Who's in that club is something you have to know on reflex. It's the most common B1 error in the language.


Part 1: The big split — avoir or être?

You already know passé composé with avoir from Lesson 21: j'ai mangé, tu as parlé, il a fini. That covers 95% of all French verbs.

But there are two exceptions that swap avoir for être:

ClassWho's in itExample
1. The "être house"~15 intransitive verbs of motion / state changeJe suis allé — I went
2. All reflexive verbsEvery verb with se / me / te / nous / vousJe me suis levé — I got up

Quick-recognition rule: If a verb is intransitive (no direct object) and describes motion or change of state — it's almost certainly être. If it has se — guaranteed être.

English doesn't do this. We say "I have gone" and "I have eaten" with the same auxiliary. Older English used to split them — Shakespeare wrote "he is gone", "the king is come" — and modern German and Italian still split them the same way French does. So this isn't a quirk of French; it's a fossil that English mostly lost.


Part 2: The être house — DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP

The list is closed. Memorize the mnemonic — there's no shortcut.

DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP = each letter is one verb:

LetterVerbPast participleMeaning
Ddevenirdevenuto become
Rrevenirrevenuto come back
Mmontermontéto go up
Rresterrestéto stay
Ssortirsortito go out
Vvenirvenuto come
Aalleralléto go
Nnaîtreto be born
Ddescendredescenduto go down
Eentrerentréto enter
Rrentrerrentréto come home
Ttombertombéto fall
Rretournerto returnto return
Aarriverarrivéto arrive
Mmourirmortto die
Ppartirpartito leave

Plus their derivatives — anything built from these verbs is also être: repartir (to leave again), redescendre, remonter, ressortir, parvenir, intervenir, survenir, devenir, provenir.

Memorize them in opposite pairs — that's faster than the alphabetical mnemonic:

Going one wayComing back
aller (to go)venir (to come)
arriver (to arrive)partir (to leave)
entrer (to enter)sortir (to exit)
monter (to go up)descendre (to go down)
naître (to be born)mourir (to die)
rentrer (to come home)rester (to stay)

English speaker's intuition pump: what unites this list? Almost every verb is about moving from point A to point B or changing state of existence (born, dead, became). Manger (to eat), parler (to speak), finir (to finish) — no movement, no state change → avoir. The big intuition holds about 90% of the time; the other 10% you just have to know.


Part 3: Past participle agreement — the new mechanic

This is the main difference between être and avoir. With être, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number — exactly like an adjective.

Personaller (masculine)aller (feminine)
jesuis allésuis allée
tues allées allée
il / elleest alléest allée
noussommes alléssommes allées
vousêtes allé(s)êtes allée(s)
ils / ellessont alléssont allées

The four endings (same as adjective endings):

  • masculine singular → no ending: allé
  • feminine singular → -e: allée
  • masculine plural → -s: allés
  • feminine plural → -es: allées

Ear vs eye: these endings are almost all silent. Allé, allée, allés, allées — all four are pronounced "ah-LAY". The agreement is mostly an écrit (writing) issue. But you must still get it right in writing, and a few participles (especially mort) do change in sound: mort "mor" vs morte "mort" with the t.

The vous trap: Vous êtes allé — one man (formal). Vous êtes allée — one woman (formal). Vous êtes allés — mixed or all-male group. Vous êtes allées — all-female group. Four possible endings for one phrase.

The mixed-group rule: even one man in a group of women → use the masculine plural. Marie et Pierre sont partis (not parties). French (like Spanish, Italian, Russian…) gives the masculine plural default-status for mixed groups. Sexist? Yes. Grammatical reality? Also yes.

Watch the irregular participles — learn them as fixed forms:

VerbMasc. sing.Fem. sing.
naîtrenée
mourirmortmorte
venir / devenir / revenirvenuvenue
descendre / redescendredescendudescendue

Part 4: Reflexive verbs — always être

Any verb with se / me / te / se / nous / vous / se in front of it takes être in the passé composé. No exceptions.

You met reflexives in Lesson 12 (se lever, se laver, s'appeler, se sentir). In the past, they look like this:

Personse lever (to get up)
jeme suis levé(e)
tut'es levé(e)
il / elles'est levé / levée
nousnous sommes levés / levées
vousvous êtes levé(e)(s)
ils / ellesse sont levés / levées

Word order: reflexive pronoun → être → past participle. The reflexive pronoun stays glued to the auxiliary.

  • Je me suis lavé. — I washed (myself).
  • Elle s'est réveillée à sept heures. — She woke up at seven.
  • Nous nous sommes rencontrés à Paris. — We met in Paris.

Negation wraps the reflexive pronoun and être together, but NOT the participle:

  • Je ne me suis pas levé tôt. — I didn't get up early.
  • Elle ne s'est pas couchée tard. — She didn't go to bed late.
  • Nous ne nous sommes pas dépêchés. — We didn't hurry.

Questions — informal (intonation, no inversion) is by far the easiest:

  • Tu t'es levé tôt ? (informal — just raise the pitch)
  • Vous vous êtes bien amusés ? (formal — same, just a pitch question)

Inversion of reflexives exists but sounds bookish; for now stick to intonation or est-ce que.

Agreement for reflexives — the quick version: agree the participle with the subject, like a regular être verb. (Elle s'est levée, Nous nous sommes promenés.) There's a subtle exception when the reflexive pronoun acts as an indirect object — that's Lesson 24. For now, agree with the subject and you'll be right 95% of the time.


Part 5: The traps — verbs that switch auxiliary

Six verbs in the être house can become transitive (take a direct object). When they do, they switch to avoir and stop agreeing with the subject. Burn this six-pack into memory:

monter, descendre, sortir, passer, rentrer, retourner

No object → êtreDirect object → avoir
Je suis monté au troisième étage. (I went up to the third floor.)J'ai monté la valise. (I carried the suitcase up.)
Elle est descendue à la cave. (She went down to the cellar.)Elle a descendu les bouteilles. (She brought the bottles down.)
Nous sommes sortis hier soir. (We went out last night.)Nous avons sorti la poubelle. (We took out the trash.)
Il est passé devant la maison. (He went past the house.)Il a passé un examen. (He took an exam.)
Ils sont rentrés tard. (They came home late.)Ils ont rentré la voiture. (They put the car in the garage.)
Tu es retourné à Paris ? (Did you go back to Paris?)Tu as retourné la crêpe ? (Did you flip the crêpe?)

The test: can you put a "what?" right after the verb? Object exists → avoir. No object → être.

Don't confuse this with reflexives: the rule "with object = avoir" applies to plain verbs that just happen to be in the six-pack. Reflexives are always être even when they look transitive: Je me suis lavé (I washed myself — être). J'ai lavé la voiture (I washed the car — avoir, no me).

English-speaker pitfall: in English we use "go up" and "take up" with the same verb shape — I went up / I took up the suitcase. French insists these are two different verbs grammatically, even though they share the same word monter. The presence or absence of a direct object flips the whole grammatical machinery.


Part 6: Recap of recent lessons

R1 (Lesson 21) — passé composé with avoir: under avoir the participle does NOT agree with the subject. Compare directly:

With avoir (no subject agreement)With être (subject agreement)
Marie a mangé une pomme.Marie est arrivée à Paris.
Les filles ont fini le travail.Les filles sont parties.
Nous avons vu un film.Nous sommes allés au cinéma.

R2 (Lesson 20) — depuis vs il y a vs pendant still work in their lanes:

  • Je suis arrivé il y a deux heures. (two hours ago — point in past)
  • J'habite ici depuis deux ans. (for two years now — still ongoing → present tense!)
  • Elle a travaillé pendant trois heures. (for three hours — finished block of time)

R3 (Lesson 18) — pronoun order: in passé composé, object pronouns go before the auxiliary, never before the participle.

  • Tu lui as donné le livre ?Oui, je le lui ai donné.
  • With reflexives, the reflexive pronoun is always first: Je me le suis acheté. (I bought it for myself.)

Part 8: Drills

Drill each chain out loud, changing only the subject. Watch the agreement.

Drill 1: aller (masculine)

Je suis allé au marché. → Tu es allé au marché. → Il est allé au marché. → Nous sommes allés au marché. → Vous êtes allés au marché. → Ils sont allés au marché.

Drill 2: partir (feminine)

Je suis partie tôt. → Tu es partie tôt. → Elle est partie tôt. → Nous sommes parties tôt. → Vous êtes parties tôt. → Elles sont parties tôt.

Drill 3: se réveiller — drill both genders

Je me suis réveillé(e) à sept heures. → Tu t'es réveillé(e). → Il s'est réveillé. → Elle s'est réveillée. → Nous nous sommes réveillé(e)s. → Vous vous êtes réveillé(e)(s). → Ils se sont réveillés. → Elles se sont réveillées.

Drill 4: negation with a reflexive

Je ne me suis pas couché tard. → Tu ne t'es pas couché tard. → Il ne s'est pas couché tard. → Nous ne nous sommes pas couchés tard. → Vous ne vous êtes pas couchés tard. → Ils ne se sont pas couchés tard.

Drill 5: avoir / être switch on sortir

Hier, je suis sorti avec mes amis. (no object → être) Hier, j'ai sorti la poubelle. (object "la poubelle" → avoir) Elle est sortie à huit heures. / Elle a sorti son téléphone. Nous sommes sortis tard. / Nous avons sorti les valises.

Notice: under être, sorti changes to sortie (feminine). Under avoir, sorti never changes for the subject.


Next up: Lesson 23 — the imparfait. You'll learn how to describe background, habits, and ongoing states in the past, and why je mangeais and j'ai mangé are two different lenses on the same act of eating. The imparfait / passé composé contrast is the next big mental hurdle — and once you get it, your past tense actually starts sounding French.

Lesson 22: Passé composé with être. The "être house" and reflexive verbs · Français · Glottos Matrix