Lesson 30: Negative imperative. "Don't do that!", signs and prohibitions
Vocabulary: prohibitions, warnings, safety, signs on signposts
How to work with this lesson
- Read — understand the rule (5 minutes, no more!)
- Say it out loud — slowly, consciously, drilling the "ending flip"
- Speed up — repeat the "do / don't do" pairs until the switch is automatic
In Lesson 29 you learned how to give orders: ¡habla!, ¡come!, ¡ven!. Easy. But the moment you need to say "don't speak", "don't eat", "don't come" — Spanish swaps the form on you. And it swaps it for the form called the subjunctive (subjuntivo). Think of this lesson as smuggling: the subjunctive is sneaking into your speech right now, through negative commands, so that in Lesson 31 it won't feel like a stranger.
Part 1: The frame for English speakers
In English, going from a command to a negative command is dead simple. You take "Eat!" and slap "don't" in front of it: "Don't eat!". Same verb form, just a "don't". One verb shape covers both directions.
Spanish doesn't work that way. The affirmative command and the negative command are two different verb forms for the same person.
| English | Spanish affirmative | Spanish negative |
|---|---|---|
| Speak! / Don't speak! | ¡Habla! | No hables. |
| Eat! / Don't eat! | ¡Come! | No comas. |
| Live here! / Don't live here! | ¡Vive aquí! | No vivas aquí. |
| Tell me! / Don't tell me! | ¡Dime! | No me digas. |
| Get up! / Don't get up! | ¡Levántate! | No te levantes. |
Two things flip:
- The ending changes. -ar verbs that ended in -a now end in -es. -er/-ir verbs that ended in -e now end in -as. The vowels swap.
- Pronouns move. They were stuck to the back of the verb (dímelo, levántate). Now they pop out and stand in front of the verb (no me lo digas, no te levantes).
For English speakers, "no me lo digas" reads backwards: "not to-me it tell." Three little words in front of the verb, in a fixed order, and the verb shape is one you've never seen before. That's the part that needs drilling.
Part 2: The main rule
All negative commands — for every person (tú, usted, nosotros, vosotros, ustedes) — use the present subjunctive. Affirmative command = one form. Negative command = a completely different form.
Compare:
| Affirmative | Negative |
|---|---|
| ¡Habla! — Speak! | No hables. — Don't speak. |
| ¡Come! — Eat! | No comas. — Don't eat. |
| ¡Vive aquí! — Live here! | No vivas aquí. — Don't live here. |
| ¡Ven! — Come! | No vengas. — Don't come. |
| ¡Sal! — Get out! | No salgas. — Don't go out. |
| ¡Haz! — Do it! | No hagas. — Don't do it. |
| ¡Di! — Say! | No digas. — Don't say. |
| ¡Da! — Give! | No des. — Don't give. |
| ¡Ve! — Go! | No vayas. — Don't go. |
| ¡Sé bueno! — Be good! | No seas malo. — Don't be bad. |
Key insight: in the affirmative, the tú command looks like the 3rd-person singular of the present tense (habla, come, vive). In the negative, the endings swap vowels: -ar verbs take endings with e, -er/-ir verbs take endings with a. That's the subjunctive.
Part 3: How to build the form — the "yo-form → opposite vowel" recipe
The algorithm works for any verb, with only a handful of exceptions.
Step 1. Take the verb in the 1st person of the present (the yo-form). Step 2. Drop the -o ending. Step 3. Add the ending with the opposite vowel: – -ar verbs → endings with -e – -er / -ir verbs → endings with -a
-AR verbs (endings in -e)
| Person | hablar (yo hablo → habl-) |
|---|---|
| tú | no hables |
| usted | no hable |
| nosotros | no hablemos |
| vosotros | no habléis |
| ustedes | no hablen |
-ER / -IR verbs (endings in -a)
| Person | comer (yo como → com-) | vivir (yo vivo → viv-) |
|---|---|---|
| tú | no comas | no vivas |
| usted | no coma | no viva |
| nosotros | no comamos | no vivamos |
| vosotros | no comáis | no viváis |
| ustedes | no coman | no vivan |
The yo-form recipe also works for irregular verbs — because the irregularity of the yo-form carries over into the command.
Irregular verbs — the yo-form decides everything
| Verb | yo-form | no … (tú) | no … (ustedes) |
|---|---|---|---|
| tener (to have) | tengo | no tengas | no tengan |
| venir (to come) | vengo | no vengas | no vengan |
| salir (to leave) | salgo | no salgas | no salgan |
| hacer (to do) | hago | no hagas | no hagan |
| decir (to say) | digo | no digas | no digan |
| poner (to put) | pongo | no pongas | no pongan |
| traer (to bring) | traigo | no traigas | no traigan |
| oír (to hear) | oigo | no oigas | no oigan |
| conocer (to know) | conozco | no conozcas | no conozcan |
Five "real" exceptions — memorize as a list
These don't come from the yo-form. Their subjunctive has to be learned cold:
| Verb | no … (tú) | no … (usted) | no … (nosotros) | no … (vosotros) | no … (ustedes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dar (to give) | no des | no dé | no demos | no deis | no den |
| estar (to be / to be located) | no estés | no esté | no estemos | no estéis | no estén |
| ir (to go) | no vayas | no vaya | no vayamos | no vayáis | no vayan |
| saber (to know) | no sepas | no sepa | no sepamos | no sepáis | no sepan |
| ser (to be) | no seas | no sea | no seamos | no seáis | no sean |
Trap: ir in the affirmative is ¡vé!, but in the negative no vayas. Total stem change. Same with ser: ¡sé bueno! → no seas malo. The affirmative and negative don't even share a root.
Part 4: Pronouns "move" — the headline difference from the affirmative command
In Lesson 29 you nailed this: in an affirmative command, the pronouns stick to the back of the verb: ¡dímelo!, ¡levántate!, ¡dénselo!.
In the negative command, everything flips: the pronouns jump to the front, standing as separate words before the verb.
| Affirmative (after, attached) | Negative (before, separate) |
|---|---|
| ¡Dímelo! — Tell me it! | No me lo digas. — Don't tell me it. |
| ¡Levántate! — Get up! | No te levantes. — Don't get up. |
| ¡Cómpralo! — Buy it! | No lo compres. — Don't buy it. |
| ¡Dáselo! — Give it to him! | No se lo des. — Don't give it to him. |
| ¡Vete! — Go away! | No te vayas. — Don't go away. |
| ¡Siéntense! — Sit down! | No se sienten. — Don't sit down. |
| ¡Háganlo! — Do it! | No lo hagan. — Don't do it. |
Memorize the schema: Affirmative: VERB + pronoun (one word, often with a written accent) → cómpralo Negative: no + pronoun + VERB (separate words, no accent) → no lo compres
English-speaker note: in English, "Don't tell me!" keeps "me" in roughly the same slot — after the verb. Spanish moves the pronoun across the verb when you flip the polarity. The phrase no me lo digas literally reads "not to-me it tell" — three little words stacked in front of the verb, in a fixed order. Drill this exact phrase. It's the canonical example.
Pronoun order — same as everywhere else
If there are two pronouns, the order is the usual one: se → te/me → lo/la/los/las.
- No me lo digas. — Don't tell me it.
- No te lo comas. — Don't eat it (up).
- No se lo des. — Don't give it to him.
- No nos lo pidan. — Don't ask us for it.
Reflexive verbs
- levantarse → no te levantes / no se levante / no nos levantemos / no os levantéis / no se levanten
- preocuparse → no te preocupes / no se preocupe — Don't worry / Don't worry (formal).
- irse → no te vayas / no se vaya — Don't leave / Don't leave.
- quedarse → no te quedes — Don't stay.
- acostarse → no te acuestes — Don't go to bed.
Lesson vocabulary
- prohibidoforbidden
- la prohibiciónprohibition
- el peligrodanger
- peligroso / peligrosadangerous (m./f.)
- el avisowarning, notice
- la advertenciawarning
- el cuidadocare, caution
- la seguridadsafety
- seguro / segurasafe, secure
- la reglarule
- la normanorm, rule
- el reglamentoregulations
- la entradaentrance
- la salidaexit
- la salida de emergenciaemergency exit
- el accesoaccess
- no fumarno smoking
- no entrardo not enter
- no pasarno entry / do not pass
- no tocardo not touch
- no pisar el céspedkeep off the grass
- no aparcarno parking
- no molestardo not disturb
- ¡Cuidado con el perro!Beware of the dog!
- ¡Atención!Attention!
- el extintorfire extinguisher
- la alarmaalarm
- el cascohelmet
- el cinturónbelt (safety belt)
- la multafine
- la señalsign, signal
| German | Translation | |
|---|---|---|
prohibido | forbidden | |
la prohibición | prohibition | |
el peligro | danger | |
peligroso / peligrosa | dangerous (m./f.) | |
el aviso | warning, notice | |
la advertencia | warning | |
el cuidado | care, caution | |
la seguridad | safety | |
seguro / segura | safe, secure | |
la regla | rule | |
la norma | norm, rule | |
el reglamento | regulations | |
la entrada | entrance | |
la salida | exit | |
la salida de emergencia | emergency exit | |
el acceso | access | |
no fumar | no smoking | |
no entrar | do not enter | |
no pasar | no entry / do not pass | |
no tocar | do not touch | |
no pisar el césped | keep off the grass | |
no aparcar | no parking | |
no molestar | do not disturb | |
¡Cuidado con el perro! | Beware of the dog! | |
¡Atención! | Attention! | |
el extintor | fire extinguisher | |
la alarma | alarm | |
el casco | helmet | |
el cinturón | belt (safety belt) | |
la multa | fine | |
la señal | sign, signal |
Full dictionary
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Read the task, type your answer in Spanish, and hit Check. Each answer is checked locally first; tricky cases ask Claude for a hint. Progress saves automatically.
🔊 ExercisesOpens the exercise answers in the external app — study with audio and word-by-word breakdown.Exercise 1. Flip the affirmative command into a negative one (tú)
Turn do it! into don't do it.
Exercise 2. The same — but in usted-form
Exercise 3. Pronouns "move" — rework the command
Affirmative → negative. Watch the pronouns!
Exercise 4. Translate into Spanish (tú)
Exercise 5. Read the signs and translate
These signs you'll see in Spain literally on every corner.
Exercise 6. Mini-dialog: mom and child on the street
— Hijo, no corras por la calle, ¡es peligroso! — Pero mamá… — No discutas. Y no sueltes mi mano. — ¿Puedo cruzar? — No cruces todavía, espera. La luz está en rojo. No te muevas. — Vale. — Y no toques ese perro, no lo conocemos. — ¿Y si me muerde? — No tengas miedo, pero no te acerques. Mejor no.
Read the dialog 3 times. Memorize each negative command as a separate block.
Open-ended drill — no automatic check. Say the answers aloud, then move on.
Need more practice? Claude will generate a fresh 10-prompt exercise from this lesson's vocab and theme.
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Listening texts
Three text variants per lesson. Open in glottos.com for synchronized audio playback.
Text AText for Lesson 30: Simple prohibitions and warnings🔊 Audio practice ↗
- No hables.
- No comas eso.
- No bebas agua del grifo.
- No abras la ventana.
- No cierres la puerta.
- No corras en casa.
- No grites, por favor.
- No llores.
- No toques eso.
- No mires el teléfono.
- No escribas en la mesa.
- No vengas tarde.
- No salgas ahora.
- No hagas ruido.
- No digas mentiras.
- No olvides las llaves.
- No pierdas el pasaporte.
- No te preocupes.
- No tengas miedo.
- No te vayas.
- No te levantes.
- No te sientes ahí.
- No me llames esta noche.
- No me lo digas.
- No se lo des.
- No lo hagas.
- No vayas solo.
- No seas así.
- No estés triste.
- No, por favor, no fumes aquí.
Text BText for Lesson 30: Safety rules and notices on signs🔊 Audio practice ↗
- No fumar.
- No entrar.
- No pasar.
- No tocar.
- No pisar el césped.
- No aparcar.
- No molestar.
- Prohibido fumar.
- Prohibida la entrada.
- Prohibido aparcar aquí.
- Acceso prohibido.
- ¡Peligro! Alta tensión.
- ¡Cuidado con el perro!
- ¡Atención! Suelo mojado.
- Salida de emergencia — no obstruir.
- No use el ascensor en caso de incendio.
- Use las escaleras, por favor.
- No corra por los pasillos.
- Lleve siempre el casco.
- Abróchese el cinturón de seguridad.
- No hable con el conductor.
- No se asome por la ventana.
- Mantenga la puerta cerrada.
- Respete las normas.
- No deje su equipaje sin vigilancia.
- No alimente a los animales.
- No haga fotos en el museo.
- Silencio, por favor.
- La multa por fumar es de cien euros.
- Lea bien las señales antes de entrar.
Text CText for Lesson 30: Dialogue. A boss reprimands an employee🔊 Audio practice ↗
- Pase, siéntese. Tenemos que hablar.
- No se preocupe, no es nada grave, pero escuche bien.
- No llegue tarde otra vez, por favor.
- Ayer llegó usted media hora tarde.
- No use el teléfono personal durante las reuniones.
- No conteste mensajes mientras hablo.
- No coma en su escritorio, hay una sala para eso.
- No deje papeles confidenciales sobre la mesa.
- No abra los correos sospechosos.
- No comparta su contraseña con nadie.
- No discuta con los clientes, aunque tengan razón.
- No grite en la oficina.
- No interrumpa cuando alguien está hablando.
- No fume en la entrada del edificio.
- No aparque en el sitio del director.
- ¿Entendido?
- Sí, señor, lo siento.
- No se disculpe ahora, demuéstrelo con hechos.
- Y otra cosa: no se vaya antes de las seis.
- No salga sin firmar el registro.
- Si tiene un problema, no me lo cuente al final del día.
- Dígamelo enseguida, no espere.
- No tenga miedo de preguntar.
- Pero no me haga perder el tiempo con tonterías.
- ¿Está claro?
- Sí, está claro. No se repetirá.
- Eso espero. Ahora vuelva a su mesa.
- Y no olvide el informe para mañana.
- No, no lo olvido. Hasta mañana.
- Hasta mañana. Y no llegue tarde.
Audio playback is handled by glottos.com — opens in a new tab.
Mouth training
Core principle: 95% mouth training. Read each line aloud. Don't just look — speak.
Part 5: The "intensity scale" — from gentle advice to a hard ban
The same content sounds very different depending on the form.
| Level | Example | When |
|---|---|---|
| Gentle advice | Mejor no fumes aquí. — Better not smoke here. | friendly tone |
| Polite request | No fumes, por favor. — Please don't smoke. | considerate |
| Command (tú) | No fumes. — Don't smoke. | adult to child, friend to friend |
| Command (usted) | No fume, por favor. — Please don't smoke. | to a stranger |
| Sharp | ¡No fumes aquí! — Don't smoke here! | raised voice |
| Sign / rule | No fumar. — No smoking. (infinitive!) | signs, instructions |
| Hard ban | Prohibido fumar. — Smoking forbidden. | official sign |
Note: on signs and in instructions, Spanish often uses the infinitive: No fumar, No entrar, No tocar. It's an "impersonal" form — not addressed to anyone in particular. Commands (no fumes / no fume) are addressed to a person.
Part 6: The "command matrix" — parent and child
Picture a scene: a mom with a small child on the street. Every phrase is a negative command in tú-form.
| Situation | Command |
|---|---|
| Child reaches for the socket | ¡No toques eso! |
| Child runs toward the road | ¡No corras! |
| Child screams in a shop | No grites, por favor. |
| Child wants candy before lunch | No comas dulces ahora. |
| Child opens the window | No abras la ventana. |
| Child teases the dog | No molestes al perro. |
| Child whines | No llores, no pasa nada. |
| Child falls behind | No te quedes atrás. |
| Child runs off | No te vayas lejos. |
| Child is scared | No tengas miedo. |
| Child asks for a toy | No me pidas más juguetes. |
| Child breaks something | No rompas eso. |
| Child interrupts a conversation | No interrumpas. |
| Child climbs on the table | No subas ahí. |
| Child swears | No digas esas palabras. |
The same — formally, in usted-form (from a teacher, doctor, boss):
- No se preocupe. — Don't worry.
- No se mueva. — Don't move.
- No hable así. — Don't talk like that.
- No se vaya todavía. — Don't leave yet.
- No tenga miedo. — Don't be afraid.
- No olvide los documentos. — Don't forget the documents.
NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE = ALWAYS THE SUBJUNCTIVE.
ENGLISH FRAME:
English: "Eat!" → "Don't eat!" (just add "don't")
Spanish: "¡Come!" → "No comas." (verb form CHANGES + pronouns MOVE)
RECIPE:
1. Take the yo-form of the present (yo hablo, yo como, yo tengo)
2. Drop the -o → habl-, com-, teng-
3. Add the ending with the OPPOSITE VOWEL:
-AR → -e (no hables / no hable / no hablemos / no habléis / no hablen)
-ER/-IR → -a (no comas / no coma / no comamos / no comáis / no coman)
CORE EXAMPLES (tú):
no hables no comas no vivas
no vengas no salgas no hagas
no digas no pongas no tengas
EXCEPTIONS (5 — memorize!):
dar → no des / no dé / no demos / no deis / no den
estar → no estés / no esté / no estemos / no estéis / no estén
ir → no vayas / no vaya / no vayamos / no vayáis / no vayan
saber → no sepas / no sepa / no sepamos / no sepáis / no sepan
ser → no seas / no sea / no seamos / no seáis / no sean
PRONOUNS — THE FLIP!
aff.: ¡Dímelo! neg.: No me lo digas.
aff.: ¡Levántate! neg.: No te levantes.
aff.: ¡Vete! neg.: No te vayas.
aff.: ¡Dáselo! neg.: No se lo des.
Order: se → te/me → lo/la
SIGNS AND INSTRUCTIONS — INFINITIVE:
No fumar. No entrar. No tocar.
No pisar el césped. No molestar.
Prohibido aparcar. Prohibida la entrada.
SCALE:
Mejor no fumes. (gentle advice, tú)
No fume, por favor. (polite, usted)
¡No fumes aquí! (sharp)
No fumar. (sign, infinitive)
Prohibido fumar. (official sign)
Next up: Lesson 31 — the present subjunctive (subjuntivo) in its full glory. You already know the forms — we smuggled them in through negative commands. What's left is learning to use them in subordinate clauses: Quiero que vengas ("I want you to come"), Espero que sea verdad ("I hope it's true"), No creo que tenga razón ("I don't think he's right"). The "WEIRDO" mood begins.
Next up: Lesson 31 — the present subjunctive (subjuntivo) in its full glory. You already know the forms — we smuggled them in through negative commands. What's left is learning to use them in subordinate clauses: Quiero que vengas ("I want you to come"), Espero que sea verdad ("I hope it's true"), No creo que tenga razón ("I don't think he's right"). The "WEIRDO" mood begins.