Lekcja 30: Spójny wieloakapitowy tekst poziomu B1 · English

Jak pracować z tą lekcją

Przeczytaj krótki tekst wyjaśniający o strukturze akapitu i logicznych łącznikach (10 minut).
Wymów na głos przykłady — zwracaj uwagę na intonację długich zdań.
Produkuj — przechodź od jednego zdania do dwóch, potem do trzech, potem do akapitu. Końcowe ćwiczenie — własny tekst z 3 akapitów.

To ostatnia lekcja Bloku 3. Nowej gramatyki nie ma: znasz już wszystko — wszystkie 12 czasów (Lekcja 27), zdania względne (Lekcja 28), złożoną grupę rzeczownikową z rodzajnikami (Lekcja 29). Dziś — składasz to w spójny tekst: opowiadanie, opis, refleksja.

Część 1: Co czyni tekst spójnym

Spójny tekst to nie „dużo zdań pod rząd". To sekwencja zdań powiązanych znaczeniem i formą. Polski i angielski mają te same trzy poziomy spójności:

Związek logiczny — każde kolejne zdanie kontynuuje myśl poprzedniego.
Powtórzenia tematyczne — ten sam rzeczownik, albo jego zaimek / synonim.
Słowa-łączniki — however, therefore, moreover, while, on the other hand, for example.

Główny test spójności: usuń jedno zdanie ze środka — i powinna powstać dziura. Jeśli nic się nie zmieniło, zdanie jest zbędne.

Część 2: Struktura akapitu

Angielski akapit klasycznie składa się z trzech części:

Część	Co	Ile zdań
Topic sentence	główna myśl akapitu	1
Supporting sentences	szczegóły, przykłady, powody	2–5
Concluding sentence (opcjonalnie)	wniosek lub przejście	1

Przykład akapitu

Reading is one of the most useful habits a person can develop. Books open the mind to ideas and experiences that real life rarely offers. They also improve vocabulary, concentration, and the ability to think clearly. For these reasons, I try to read at least thirty minutes every day.

Topic sentence: Reading is one of the most useful habits… (główna myśl)
Supporting: Books open the mind… They also improve… (szczegóły)
Concluding: For these reasons… (wniosek)

Tekst wieloakapitowy

Każdy akapit — jedna myśl. Następny akapit — następny krok rozumowania / następna część historii. Między akapitami — wyraz lub fraza przejściowa:

First / Second / Finally… On the other hand… Another important point is… Years later…

Część 3: Łączniki według funkcji

Funkcja	English	Polski
Dodawanie	also, in addition, moreover, furthermore	również, poza tym, ponadto
Kontrast	however, but, on the other hand, although	jednak, ale, z drugiej strony, chociaż
Przyczyna/skutek	because, therefore, so, as a result	ponieważ, dlatego, w rezultacie
Przykład	for example, for instance, such as	na przykład
Czas	then, after that, meanwhile, later	potem, po tym, tymczasem, później
Podsumowanie	in short, to sum up, in conclusion	krótko mówiąc, podsumowując, na zakończenie
Doprecyzowanie	in fact, actually, indeed	w rzeczywistości, faktycznie
Kolejność	first, second, then, finally	po pierwsze, po drugie, potem, w końcu

Subtelność: however na początku zdania, po przecinku: However, the weather changed. Although — spójnik podrzędny: Although it was raining, we went out.

Część 4: Spójność czasów w długim tekście

W jednym akapicie wszystkie czasy powinny trzymać jednego punktu czasowego, chyba że jest wyraźny „skok".

Narracja w czasie przeszłym

Baza — Past Simple. W środku: Past Continuous dla tła, Past Perfect dla „przeszłości przed przeszłością".

Last Friday I went to a small concert. The hall was full, and the lights were dim. The band had already started when I arrived. I quickly found my seat, while the singer was greeting the audience. By the end of the evening, I had decided to come back next month.

Wszystkie cztery formy przeszłe — w jednym naturalnym tekście: Past Simple (went, was, found), Past Continuous (was greeting), Past Perfect (had started, had decided).

Narracja w czasie teraźniejszym / ogólnym

Baza — Present Simple. Continuous dla „właśnie teraz", Present Perfect dla „do chwili obecnej".

I live in a small town in the south of the country. The town is quiet, and life here moves slowly. I have lived here for almost ten years, and I know almost every street. Right now I'm sitting in my favourite café, where I usually write in the mornings.

Prognoza / plan na przyszłość

Baza — will / be going to, plus Present Continuous dla ustaleń.

Next month I'm starting a new course. The course will last six months. By the end of it, I will have learned the basics of web design. After that, I'm going to look for a junior position. I think it will be a difficult but exciting year.

Część 5: Jeden długi przykład — trzy akapity

Przeczytaj i zauważ, jak działają: czasy, zdania podrzędne, rodzajniki, łączniki.

I have always loved old cities. There is something in the narrow streets, the worn stones, and the quiet courtyards that modern cities can never offer. The first time I visited Prague, I was only nineteen, and I remember standing on the Charles Bridge as the sun was setting behind the castle. By the time I returned to my hotel that evening, I had walked for almost six hours.

Since then, I have visited many ancient cities. Some, like Rome and Athens, are full of tourists and noise. Others, which are less famous, keep a quieter beauty. For example, in the small towns of central Italy, you can walk for an hour without meeting anyone, and almost every wall has a history that is hundreds of years old.

This year I'm planning a trip to a town I have never been to before. The town, whose name I won't reveal, is supposed to be one of the oldest in Europe. By the end of the summer, I will have visited it for the first time. I am sure that, like all the other places I love, it will give me something I cannot find anywhere else: a feeling of slow, patient time.

Co w środku:

Czasy: Present Simple (love, is, can never offer), Past Simple (visited, was, remember, returned), Past Continuous (was setting), Past Perfect (had walked), Present Perfect (have visited), Present Continuous ('m planning), Future Perfect (will have visited).
Zdania podrzędne: that modern cities can never offer, which are less famous, that is hundreds of years old, whose name I won't reveal, that I cannot find anywhere else.
Rodzajniki: the narrow streets, the worn stones, the quiet courtyards (określone), a town, a feeling (nowe), Prague, Rome, Athens, Europe (bez rodzajnika, nazwy własne), modern cities, ancient cities, tourists, noise, history, time (ogólne/abstrakcyjne — bez rodzajnika).
Łączniki: Since then, Some… Others, For example, This year.

Część 6: Lista kontrolna dla własnego tekstu

Przed oddaniem własnego akapitu sprawdź:

Topic sentence: czy jest pierwsze zdanie formułujące myśl?
Łączniki: czy między zdaniami jest przejście lub wyraźny związek?
Czasy: czy trzyma się jedna „kotwica" czasowa (przeszłość / teraźniejszość / przyszłość)?
Rodzajniki: a dla pierwszej wzmianki, the dla kolejnej / unikalnej, nic dla abstrakcyjnych i ogólnych.
Zdania podrzędne: czy jest choć jedno who/which/that? Zbyt krótkie zdania skleić, długie — pociąć.
Czystość: czy nie ma „polonizmów" — for to do, the love is, I a teacher?

Słownictwo lekcji

🔊 Naucz się słówOtwiera słownik lekcji w aplikacji zewnętrznej — fiszki z audio, wyszukiwanie i notatki.

also
również
moreover
ponadto
in addition
poza tym
however
jednak
although
chociaż
on the other hand
z drugiej strony
while
podczas gdy
despite
mimo
because
ponieważ
since
skoro
therefore
dlatego
so
więc, tak że
as a result
w rezultacie
for this reason
z tego powodu
first
najpierw, po pierwsze
then
potem
after that
po tym
meanwhile
tymczasem
finally
w końcu
by the time
do tego momentu, gdy
since then
od tamtej pory
for example
na przykład
in fact
w rzeczywistości
in short
krótko mówiąc
to sum up
podsumowując
in conclusion
na zakończenie
generally speaking
ogólnie mówiąc
strictly speaking
ściśle mówiąc
at first
z początku

Niemiecki	Tłumaczenie
also	również
moreover	ponadto
in addition	poza tym
however	jednak
although	chociaż
on the other hand	z drugiej strony
while	podczas gdy
despite	mimo
because	ponieważ
since	skoro
therefore	dlatego
so	więc, tak że
as a result	w rezultacie
for this reason	z tego powodu
first	najpierw, po pierwsze
then	potem
after that	po tym
meanwhile	tymczasem
finally	w końcu
by the time	do tego momentu, gdy
since then	od tamtej pory
for example	na przykład
in fact	w rzeczywistości
in short	krótko mówiąc
to sum up	podsumowując
in conclusion	na zakończenie
generally speaking	ogólnie mówiąc
strictly speaking	ściśle mówiąc
at first	z początku

Pełny słownik

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Przeczytaj zadanie, wpisz odpowiedź po angielsku i naciśnij «Sprawdź». Najpierw sprawdzamy lokalnie; w trudnych przypadkach pytamy Claude o podpowiedź. Postęp zapisuje się automatycznie.

🔊 ĆwiczeniaOtwiera odpowiedzi ćwiczeń w aplikacji zewnętrznej — z audio i analizą słowo po słowie.

Ćwiczenie 1. Połącz przez odpowiedni łącznik

Połącz dwa zdania przez however, because, although, so, therefore, moreover. Może być kilka poprawnych odpowiedzi.

1.<say>The film was long. It was interesting.</say>

2.<say>She studied hard. She passed the exam.</say>

3.<say>I love coffee. I rarely drink it after six.</say>

4.<say>He is busy. He always has time for his family.</say>

5.<say>The road was closed. We took a different way.</say>

Ćwiczenie 2. Połącz w jedno zdanie przez zdanie podrzędne

1.<say>I have a sister. She lives in Paris.</say>

2.<say>This is the restaurant. We had dinner there last week.</say>

3.<say>I read the book. You gave it to me.</say>

4.<say>That's the man. His son is a famous musician.</say>

5.<say>The car was expensive. He bought it yesterday.</say>

Ćwiczenie 3. Przepisz akapit z właściwymi czasami

Ćwiczenie 4. Napisz własny akapit (60–80 słów)

Napisz akapit na jeden z tematów:

Miasto, w którym mieszkasz.
Najważniejsza książka w Twoim życiu.
Twój typowy dzień pracy.
Twoja następna podróż.

Wymagania: minimum trzy różne czasy, minimum jedno zdanie względne, minimum dwa łączniki, poprawne rodzajniki z rzeczownikami abstrakcyjnymi.

Otwarte ćwiczenie — bez automatycznego sprawdzania. Wypowiedz odpowiedzi na głos i idź dalej.

Ćwiczenie 5. Przeczytaj na głos

Przeczytaj akapit na głos z właściwą intonacją i pauzami. Zwłaszcza — na przecinkach zdań non-defining.

My grandfather, who was born in 1925, used to tell me stories about his youth. The stories, which I have never forgotten, were full of small details that brought the past to life. He had grown up in a tiny village where almost everyone was a relative. By the time he was twenty, he had moved to the capital, and the rest of his life is another long story.

Podpowiedzi

Pauzy po przecinkach non-defining: My grandfather, [pause] who was born in 1925, [pause] used to tell…
Związek had grown up i had moved — Past Perfect (poprzedzające used to tell).
He had moved to the capital — Past Perfect → przed by the time he was twenty.

Otwarte ćwiczenie — bez automatycznego sprawdzania. Wypowiedz odpowiedzi na głos i idź dalej.

Potrzebujesz więcej praktyki? Claude wygeneruje świeże ćwiczenie z 10 zadaniami ze słownictwa i tematu lekcji.

Wygenerowane: 0 z 5

Teksty do słuchania

Trzy warianty tekstów na lekcję. Otwórz w glottos.com dla synchronizowanego audio.

Tekst A

Tekst do lekcji 30: My city

🔊 Praktyka audio ↗

I live in a small city in the south of the country.
The city, which is over four hundred years old, has about two hundred thousand people.
It is famous for its narrow streets and its quiet parks.
Many tourists come here every summer.
They come mainly to see the old cathedral, which was built in the seventeenth century.
The cathedral is the heart of the old town.
I have lived here for almost twelve years.
I moved here after I finished university.
At first, I didn't know anyone in the city.
However, the people I met at work soon became my close friends.
The colleague who showed me around in those first weeks is now one of my best friends.
We often meet in the small café where we had our first lunch together.
The café, which is run by an old Italian couple, makes the best coffee in town.
Their son, whose name is Marco, took over the kitchen two years ago.
The food he cooks is simple but wonderful.
Although the city is small, there is always something to do.
In summer, the parks are full of families and street musicians.
In winter, the small theatre near the river offers excellent plays.
The river, which crosses the city from east to west, is one of my favourite places.
I often walk along it on Sunday mornings.
Last year, the city built a new bridge over the river.
The bridge, which is made of dark steel and light wood, has quickly become a symbol of the modern city.
People who pass it every day rarely think about its design.
But tourists usually stop to take photographs.
By the end of this year, the city will have completed three more public projects.
Next month I am moving to a new flat near the river.
The flat, which has a small balcony, looks out onto a quiet courtyard.
I am going to plant flowers there in the spring.
I love this city, and I cannot imagine living anywhere else.
In short, it is the place where I feel truly at home.

Tekst B

Tekst do lekcji 30: My career so far

🔊 Praktyka audio ↗

My career has been long and full of unexpected turns.
After I finished school, I went to university to study chemistry.
At that time, I wanted to become a researcher.
The professor who taught us organic chemistry was the most inspiring teacher I had ever met.
He had worked in three different countries before he came to our university.
The stories he told us made science seem like a great adventure.
However, by the end of my second year, I had started to doubt my choice.
I realised that I preferred working with people rather than with substances.
Therefore, I decided to change my path.
I left the chemistry programme and started studying economics.
The transition was difficult, but I never regretted it.
While I was studying economics, I worked part-time in a small bookshop.
The owner, whose name was Mrs Petersen, became a kind of second mother to me.
She had run the shop for over thirty years.
From her I learned more about business than from any textbook.
After I graduated, I joined a small consulting firm in the city centre.
The firm, which had only ten employees at that time, has grown enormously since then.
I have worked there for eleven years.
In addition, I have travelled to twenty countries on business.
Some of the projects I have led were extremely challenging.
For example, last year we helped a struggling factory in the north of the country.
The factory, which employs over five hundred people, was almost bankrupt when we arrived.
By the time we finished our work, the company had returned to profit.
Moreover, the staff had developed new skills that will serve them for years.
This year I am leading a team of twelve consultants.
We are working on a complex project for a national bank.
By the end of next month, we will have presented our final report.
After that, I am going to take a long holiday.
I plan to travel through Asia for six weeks.
In short, my career has taught me one thing: never be afraid to change direction.

Tekst C

Tekst do lekcji 30: A letter from a long journey

🔊 Praktyka audio ↗

Dear Anna, I am finally writing to you from a small town in northern Spain.
I have been travelling for almost three weeks.
By the time I get back home, I will have visited eleven cities.
The trip has already changed me more than I expected.
I left Moscow on the fifth of June.
The plane that took me to Madrid was almost empty.
I remember sitting by the window as we were flying over the mountains.
By the time I arrived in Madrid, I had not slept for almost twenty hours.
However, the energy of the city woke me up immediately.
I spent four days in Madrid, where I walked from morning until late at night.
The museum that impressed me most was the Prado.
I had read about its paintings for years, but seeing them was something else entirely.
After Madrid, I took a slow train to the south.
The train, which crossed dry yellow plains for hours, gave me time to think.
In Seville, I met a young French woman whose name was Camille.
She had been travelling for two months and knew Spain better than most Spaniards.
We spent three days exploring narrow streets that smelled of orange blossom.
Although we have known each other for only ten days, we are now real friends.
We will probably meet again in Paris next year.
Now I am in a small fishing village whose name I cannot even pronounce.
The houses are white, the sea is wild, and the food is simple.
The family who runs my small hotel makes me feel like a long-lost relative.
Their grandmother, who is ninety years old, has lived in this village all her life.
She tells me stories about a Spain that does not exist anymore.
In a few days, I am taking a ferry to a small island where I have never been.
By the end of the trip, I will have travelled by plane, train, bus, ferry and on foot.
I am going to write a long article about everything I have seen.
The article, which I am already planning in my head, will probably take months to finish.
I hope you are well, and I hope we will see each other very soon after I return.
With love and many photos to share, your old friend, Mark.

Audio odtwarzane jest w glottos.com — otwiera się w nowej karcie.

Trening ust

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Gama językowa

🔊 Praktyka audio

Gama 1 — dodawanie myśli

Reading is useful. Moreover, it improves vocabulary.
Travel is exciting. In addition, it broadens the mind.
She studies hard. Also, she helps others.
The film was long. However, it was very interesting.
We were tired. Nevertheless, we kept walking.

Gama 2 — przyczyna i skutek

It was raining, so we stayed home.
I missed the bus because I left late.
She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam.
We had no time. As a result, we postponed the trip.

Gama 3 — kolejność

First, I had breakfast. Then I went to work.
After that, I had lunch with a friend.
Meanwhile, my colleagues finished the report.
Finally, in the evening, we relaxed at home.

Matryca językowa

Matryca 1 — przekształcanie krótkich w długie

Krótkie	Rozbudowane
I like books. They are useful.	I like books because they are useful.
It was raining. We went out.	Although it was raining, we went out.
She is tired. She keeps working.	She is tired; however, she keeps working.
I went to Rome. I had never been there.	I went to Rome, where I had never been before.

Matryca 2 — łączenie przez zdanie podrzędne

Dwa zdania	Jedno przez zdanie podrzędne
I have a friend. He lives in Berlin.	I have a friend who lives in Berlin.
This is the book. I told you about it.	This is the book (that) I told you about.
That's the village. We grew up there.	That's the village where we grew up.

STRUKTURA AKAPITU (standard angielski):
  1. Topic sentence   — jedna główna myśl
  2. Supporting       — 2-5 zdań ze szczegółami
  3. Concluding       — wniosek lub przejście

TEKST WIELOAKAPITOWY:
  Jeden akapit — jedna myśl.
  Między akapitami — wyraz/fraza przejściowa.

TRZY POZIOMY SPÓJNOŚCI:
  1. Logika — każda fraza kontynuuje myśl
  2. Powtórzenia tematyczne — on / ona / ten sam przedmiot
  3. Łączniki — however, therefore, for example…

ŁĄCZNIKI WEDŁUG FUNKCJI:
  + dodawanie:    also, moreover, in addition
  ≠ kontrast:     however, but, on the other hand, although
  → przyczyna:    because, since, as
  ⇒ skutek:       therefore, so, as a result
  ► przykład:     for example, for instance, such as
  ⏰ czas:         then, after that, meanwhile, finally
  ☐ podsumowanie: in short, to sum up, in conclusion

KONTROLA CZASÓW W TEKŚCIE:
  wybierz bazę:
    przeszłość — Past Simple, + Past Continuous (tło),
                 + Past Perfect (wcześniej)
    teraźniejszość — Present Simple, + Present Continuous (teraz),
                     + Present Perfect (do chwili)
    przyszłość — will / be going to, + Present Continuous
                  (ustalenia), + Future Perfect (do chwili)

KONTROLA RODZAJNIKÓW W TEKŚCIE:
  a/an  — pierwsza wzmianka, jeden z wielu
  the   — kolejna / unikalna / z doprecyzowującym zdaniem podrzędnym
  brak  — ogólne mnogie, niepoliczalne w ogólnym,
          abstrakcyjne w ogólnym znaczeniu, nazwy własne

LISTA KONTROLNA WŁASNEGO TEKSTU:
  ☐ Czy jest topic sentence?
  ☐ Czy między frazami jest związek / łącznik?
  ☐ Czy czasy trzymają się jednej bazy?
  ☐ Czy rodzajniki są poprawne?
  ☐ Czy jest choć jedno zdanie podrzędne (who/which/that)?
  ☐ Czy nie ma polonizmów (the love, I a teacher, for to do)?

TO SZCZYT BLOKU 3 — POZIOM B1. Teraz potrafisz: mówić we wszystkich 12 czasach, budować zdania względne, formułować złożone grupy rzeczownikowe, pisać spójne akapity. To połowa drogi do C1.

Następny krok: Blok 4 — zdania warunkowe, strona bierna, mowa zależna i złożona składnia. Lekcja 31 — pierwszy i zerowy okres warunkowy.

Następna lekcja:Lekcja 31: Zdania warunkowe 1 — zerowy i pierwszy