Lesson 20: Separable-prefix verbs

Vocabulary: My day (work)

Completing this lesson will add to your overall progress:

VocabularyA1+2%A2+3%B1+1%
GrammarA1+1%A2+4%B1+2%

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the rule — get the logic (5 minutes)
  2. Translate the exercises in writing — check against the key
  3. Say it out loud — slowly, consciously, watch the prefix position
  4. Speed up — drill the matrix until it flies out on autopilot

Last lesson you nailed dieser, jeder, welcher. Today — verbs that split in half. Sounds scary? Actually one of the most logical things in German. And good news for you: English already does this. "Stand UP", "pick UP", "take OUT" — same logic. You think in phrasal verbs every day. German just glues them together in the dictionary and splits them apart when speaking.


Part 1: Verbs that fall apart

In English you say "I get up at seven". The "up" is a separate word — it hangs out at the end. In German you take the same idea and write it as ONE word in the infinitive: aufstehen (literally "up-stand"). But when you conjugate, the prefix DETACHES and flies to the end of the sentence.

stehen = to stand. auf|stehen = to stand up, to get up. Ich stehe um 7 Uhr auf. — I get up at 7 o'clock.

Verb — on position 2. Prefix — at the very end. Everything else lives in between.

The English connection: aufstehen = "stand UP". anrufen = "ring UP" / "call UP". einkaufen = "buy IN" (= go shopping). aufhören = "leave OFF" (= stop). mitkommen = "come ALONG / WITH". German just spells the verb as one word in the infinitive — and splits it back out in the conjugated form. Once you see this, half the work is done.


Part 2: The main hack — stress tells you everything

How do you know if a prefix is separable or not? You don't have to memorize lists. Just listen for the stress.

Stress on the prefix = separable. Stress on the root = inseparable.

Compare:

VerbStressType
AUFstehenon the prefixseparable
ANfangenon the prefixseparable
EINkaufenon the prefixseparable
verSTEhenon the rootinseparable
beKOMmenon the rootinseparable
erZÄHlenon the rootinseparable

Say them out loud. Hear it? Separable prefixes ring out louder and clearer. The inseparable ones are unstressed mumbles.


Part 3: Where the prefix goes

1. Normal sentence (Präsens): prefix → end.

Ich stehe um 7 Uhr auf. Er fängt um 9 Uhr an. Wir kaufen am Samstag ein.

2. Question: prefix still goes to the end.

Wann stehst du auf? Fängt er um 9 Uhr an? Wo kaufst du ein?

3. With a modal verb: the prefix stays glued on. The whole verb (in infinitive) goes to the end.

Ich muss um 7 Uhr aufstehen. Er will früh anfangen. Wir können hier einkaufen.

The modal verb "re-glues" the prefix. In the infinitive, the verb stays whole.

Trap! Without a modal — prefix separate at the end. With a modal — verb stays whole at the end. Ich stehe um 7 Uhr auf. BUT: Ich muss um 7 Uhr aufstehen.


Part 4: Table of common separable prefixes

PrefixMeaningVerbEnglishExample
auf-up, openaufstehenget upIch stehe früh auf
an-begin, approachanfangenbegin, startDie Arbeit fängt um 9 an
an-anrufencall (phone)Ich rufe dich morgen an
ein-in, intoeinkaufengo shoppingWir kaufen im Supermarkt ein
aus-out, offausgehengo out (party)Wir gehen heute Abend aus
mit-along, withmitkommencome alongKommst du mit?
zu-closedzumachencloseMach bitte die Tür zu
ab-off, awayabfahrendepartDer Zug fährt um 8 ab
vor-forward, beforevorstellenintroduceIch stelle mich vor
zurück-backzurückkommencome backWann kommst du zurück?

Cognate alert: auf ≈ "up" (logic-cousin). an ≈ "on". aus ≈ "out". mit ≈ Old English mid "with". ab ≈ "off". zurück ≈ "back" (related to "rück" = back). You already know these particles from English phrasal verbs — they just hide in German infinitives.


Next up: Lesson 21 — Reflexive verbs and the particle sich. You'll discover why Germans "wash themselves" (sich waschen) and "enjoy themselves" (sich freuen). Most of these don't translate as reflexives in English — that's just a German quirk. Promise.

Lesson 20: Separable-prefix verbs · Deutsch · Glottos Matrix