Lesson 31: Présent du subjonctif — forms

Vocabulary: 30 high-frequency verbs in the subjunctive — all groups

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the rule about the ils-stem — it's the master key (5 minutes)
  2. Run the scales — conjugate out loud until the endings come automatically
  3. Don't worry yet about WHEN to use it — that's Lessons 32–35. Here we only train forms.

Subjonctif = 90% mechanics + 10% magic. Train the mechanics first. A French speaker doesn't think the subjunctive — they hear it. Your job is to drill your mouth until it hears it too.


Part 1: What is the subjunctive — and why English speakers find it weird

The subjunctive is the biggest mental shift you'll make in French grammar. Not because the forms are hard (they aren't), but because English barely uses it. You have it — but it's invisible.

English has the subjunctive — but it's vestigial.

  • If I were you (not "was" — that's subjunctive)
  • I demand that he be present (not "is" — that's subjunctive)
  • God save the Queen (not "saves" — subjunctive)
  • Long live the king (not "lives" — subjunctive)

Notice: in all four cases, the verb is in the "wrong" form by indicative logic. That's the subjunctive — a leftover mood that English has almost completely lost. French still uses it constantly, and obligatorily.

The subjunctive is the mood of subjectivity. Indicative reports facts ("he comes" = il vient). Subjunctive reports things filtered through will, emotion, doubt, necessity — things you wish, demand, fear, or doubt:

  • I want him to comeJe veux qu'il vienne
  • It's necessary that he comeIl faut qu'il vienne
  • I'm afraid he may comeJ'ai peur qu'il vienne

Same form vienne in all three. The triggering verb (veux, faut, ai peur) tells you we're not stating a fact — we're filtering reality through a subjective lens.

This lesson teaches the FORMS only. Lessons 32–35 teach the triggers. For now, we'll use one trigger as a drill phrase:

«Il faut que…» → always followed by subjunctive.

Il faut que je parle. Il faut que tu finisses. Il faut qu'il vienne.


Part 2: The master formula — ils-stem + endings

The subjunctive is built from the ils form of the present indicative. This is its great mercy: you already know that form.

Algorithm: take ils in présent → drop -ent → add the subjunctive endings.

Endings (learn them as a mantra):

PersonEnding
que je-e
que tu-es
qu'il / qu'elle-e
que nous-ions
que vous-iez
qu'ils / qu'elles-ent

Notice the nous and vous endings — -ions and -iez. Those should look familiar: they're the imparfait endings from Lesson 23. Hold that thought; we'll come back to it.

Example 1 — parler (-ER verbs):

ils parlent → stem parl-

que je parleque nous parlions
que tu parlesque vous parliez
qu'il parlequ'ils parlent

English-speaker trap: for -ER verbs, que je parle, que tu parles, qu'il parle, qu'ils parlent look identical to the indicative. That's not a bug — it's the system. The trigger word (que after a subjective verb) is what tells the French ear which mood is active. Only nous and vous show a visible difference (parlions / parliez instead of parlons / parlez — they happen to look like the imparfait).

Example 2 — finir (-IR verbs with -iss-):

ils finissent → stem finiss-

que je finisseque nous finissions
que tu finissesque vous finissiez
qu'il finissequ'ils finissent

Example 3 — écrire:

ils écrivent → stem écriv-

que j'écriveque nous écrivions
que tu écrivesque vous écriviez
qu'il écrivequ'ils écrivent

Note the élision: que + j' before a vowel (Lesson 1 rule, still going strong).


Part 3: The "boot" — nous/vous borrow the imparfait stem

Callback to Lesson 11. Remember the "boot verbs" — prendre, venir, boire, recevoir, vouloir, devoir? They have two stems: one for je/tu/il/ils, another for nous/vous. The same boot reappears in the subjunctive.

Principle:

  • que je / tu / il / ilsils-stem of the present
  • que nous / vousnous-stem of the present (= imparfait stem!)

Example — prendre:

  • ils prennentprenn-
  • nous prenonspren-
que je prenneque nous prenions
que tu prennesque vous preniez
qu'il prennequ'ils prennent

Example — boire:

  • ils boiventboiv-
  • nous buvonsbuv-
que je boiveque nous buvions
que tu boivesque vous buviez
qu'il boivequ'ils boivent

Example — venir:

que je vienneque nous venions
que tu viennesque vous veniez
qu'il viennequ'ils viennent

Boot verbs you need to know: prendre (+ comprendre, apprendre), venir (+ tenir, devenir), boire, recevoir, devoir, croire, voir, mourir, vouloir, aller.

Homophone trap! Que nous prenions (subjunctive, "that we take") and nous prenions (imparfait, "we used to take") sound identical. Only the que and the trigger before it tell a French ear which one you mean. This is why context matters so much in French listening — the verb form alone often isn't enough.


Part 4: The big irregulars — memorize cold

These don't follow the "ils-rule". They're the highest-frequency verbs in the language, so you have no choice — learn them by heart.

1. être

que je soisque nous soyons
que tu soisque vous soyez
qu'il soitqu'ils soient

2. avoir

que j'aieque nous ayons
que tu aiesque vous ayez
qu'il aitqu'ils aient

aie / aies / ait / aient — all four are pronounced "eh" ([ɛ]). Only the spelling tells them apart. Don't panic; this is normal for French.

3. aller (boot!)

que j'ailleque nous allions
que tu aillesque vous alliez
qu'il aillequ'ils aillent

4. faire

que je fasseque nous fassions
que tu fassesque vous fassiez
qu'il fassequ'ils fassent

5. pouvoir

que je puisseque nous puissions
que tu puissesque vous puissiez
qu'il puissequ'ils puissent

6. savoir

que je sacheque nous sachions
que tu sachesque vous sachiez
qu'il sachequ'ils sachent

7. vouloir (boot!)

que je veuilleque nous voulions
que tu veuillesque vous vouliez
qu'il veuillequ'ils veuillent

Bonus — impersonal verbs (only the il form exists):

  • falloirqu'il faille
  • pleuvoirqu'il pleuve
  • valoir → que je vaille, que nous valions

Part 5: Triggers — just enough to drill with

Full coverage comes in Lessons 32–34. For now, here's the minimum set so the exercises have context:

TriggerMeaning
il faut queit's necessary that / one must
je veux queI want (somebody) to
je suis content(e) queI'm glad that
bien quealthough
pour queso that (purpose)
avant quebefore

After any of these — subjunctive. No exceptions.

English-speaker mental model: in English, you'd say "I want him to come" — using an infinitive ("to come"). French doesn't allow that structure when the subjects are different. French says literally "I want that he come"Je veux qu'il vienne. The change of subject forces a que-clause, and que after vouloir forces subjunctive. Memorize this contrast — it's behind half of all subjunctive uses.

Callback to Lesson 30 (relatives) and Lesson 29 (conditionnel passé). The subjunctive plays well with complex clauses: Je cherche quelqu'un qui sache réparer ça ("I'm looking for someone who knows how to fix this" — undefined antecedent → qui + subjunctive). J'aurais aimé qu'il vienne ("I'd have liked him to come" — regret via conditionnel passé + que + subjunctive). These come in Lessons 33–35 — file the structure away.


Next up: Lesson 32 — when the subjunctive actually fires. Will, necessity, emotion: vouloir que, il faut que, être content que. The mechanics are in place — now you'll learn to apply them.

Lesson 31: Présent du subjonctif — forms · Français · Glottos Matrix