Lesson 50: Direct and reported speech. Konjunktiv I

Vocabulary: Media and journalism

Completing this lesson will add to your overall progress:

VocabularyA2+0.5%B1+3%B2+2%C1+1%
GrammarB1+4%B2+3%C1+1%

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the rule — understand the logic (5 minutes)
  2. Translate the exercises in writing — check against the key
  3. Say it out loud — slowly, consciously, switching between moods
  4. Speed up — drill the matrix until reported speech flies out on autopilot

The final lesson of the course. You started with "Hallo" — now you'll be speaking like a German journalist. Konjunktiv I is the peak of the grammar mountain. Let's take it.


Part 1: Why you need reported speech

In English you just backshift the tense: He said: "I am tired." → He said he was tired. One verb, simple past, done.

German plays a different game. Two ways:

Direct speech (direkte Rede): Er sagt: „Ich bin müde." Reported speech (indirekte Rede): Er sagt, er sei müde.

bin became sei. That's Konjunktiv I — the mood of retelling. Germans use it in news, scientific texts, official reports. The signal: "These aren't my words — somebody else said them."

Cognate alert: Konjunktiv = the subjunctive mood. English used to have a richer subjunctive too (it survives in "If I were you", "I demand that he be present"). German kept the whole system alive.


Part 2: The main hack — infinitive stem + endings

Konjunktiv I = infinitive stem + -e / -est / -e / -en / -et / -en

Infinitive stem = the infinitive minus -en (or -n): kommen → komm-, haben → hab-, gehen → geh-. The endings are always the same. The only verb that deviates slightly is sein.


Part 3: Konjunktiv I table

sein (Konj. I)haben (Konj. I)kommen (Konj. I)
ichseihabekomme
dusei(e)sthabestkommest
er/sie/esseihabekomme
wirseienhaben*kommen*
ihrseiethabetkommet
sie/Sieseienhaben*kommen*

* = identical to Indikativ! There you switch to Konjunktiv II (hätten, kämen).

Three things to nail down:

  1. er/sie/es is the main working form. Er sei, er habe, er komme, er wisse.
  2. sei is the most common Konjunktiv I form. Learn it first.
  3. Universal formula for all verbs: wissen → er wisse, geben → er gebe, fahren → er fahre.

Part 4: When Konjunktiv I = Indikativ — use Konjunktiv II

Trap! ich habe (Konj. I) = ich habe (Indikativ). Wir haben (Konj. I) = wir haben (Indikativ). The forms collide! How do you signal that this is reported speech?

If Konjunktiv I is indistinguishable from Indikativ — switch to Konjunktiv II:

er habe ≠ er hat → habe (Konj. I works) wir haben = wir haben → hätten (use Konj. II as backup) sie kommen = sie kommen → kämen (use Konj. II as backup)

Anchor: Konjunktiv I broken? Call in Konjunktiv II. The bench player.

In practice, you mostly need the er/sie/es form — it almost always differs from Indikativ. That's why German news bulletins are full of "Der Minister sagt, er sei…".


Part 5: How to build reported speech — three steps

1. Direct speech: Die Kanzlerin sagt: „Die Wirtschaft wächst." 2. Drop the quotes, shift to Konj. I: Die Kanzlerin sagt, die Wirtschaft wachse. 3. Variant with dass (verb to the end): Die Kanzlerin sagt, dass die Wirtschaft wachse.

Without dass — newspaper style. With dass — neutral. Both correct. More examples:

Er sagt: „Ich habe keine Zeit." → Er sagt, er habe keine Zeit. Der Arzt sagt: „Der Patient braucht Ruhe." → Der Arzt sagt, der Patient brauche Ruhe. Die Polizei meldet: „Es gibt keine Verletzten." → Die Polizei meldet, es gebe keine Verletzten.

Compare with English: He said: "I am tired." → He said he was tired. English backshifts the tense. German switches mood. Different mechanism, same function: marking "these are someone else's words".


Finish

50 lessons done. You walked from the alphabet to Konjunktiv I. From "Hallo, ich heiße…" to "Der Minister erklärt, die Lage sei unter Kontrolle."

Remember: Lesson 1 — you couldn't read Eichhörnchen. Lesson 10 — Dativ felt like a wall. Lesson 27 — you spoke about the past for the first time. Lesson 41 — you dreamed in German: "Wenn ich König wäre…"

Every lesson — a brick. 50 bricks — the foundation. This isn't the end — it's the beginning of fluency.

Four cases, three tenses, two moods — all yours. What now? Read. Listen. Speak. Write. Every day — at least 15 minutes. Language is a muscle. Stop training and it atrophies. Keep training and it gets stronger than you can imagine.

Glückwunsch! Du hast den Kurs geschafft. From zero to native-feel in 50 lessons. Now stop reading lessons — go talk to Germans. Find a tandem partner, watch Tatort with subtitles, order coffee in Berlin, argue politics with a stranger in a Kneipe. The matrix gave you the structure; only conversation gives you fluency. Du hast es geschafft. Viel Erfolg!

Lesson 50: Direct and reported speech. Konjunktiv I · Deutsch · Glottos Matrix