Lesson 48: Conjunctions indem and so dass

Vocabulary: Public speaking

Completing this lesson will add to your overall progress:

VocabularyA2+0.5%B1+3%B2+2%C1+0.5%
GrammarB1+4%B2+2%

How to work with this lesson

  1. Read the rule — understand the logic (5 minutes)
  2. Translate the exercises in writing — check against the key
  3. Say it out loud — slowly, consciously, watching the word order in every subclause
  4. Speed up — drill the matrix until it flies out on autopilot

You now own Plusquamperfekt and can chain past events in order. Time to add two conjunctions without which coherent speech is impossible: indem (in what way?) and so dass (with what result?). These are the tools of argument and presentation.


Part 1: indem — "by doing X"

In English you say: "I improved my German by reading every day." German has a dedicated conjunction for this: indem.

Ich habe mein Deutsch verbessert, indem ich jeden Tag gelesen habe. I improved my German by reading every day.

indem answers the question Wie? Auf welche Weise? — how? in what way?

The main rule: in the indem-clause, the verb goes to the end.

Man lernt eine Sprache, indem man jeden Tag übt. You learn a language by practicing every day.


Part 2: The hack — indem = "by + -ing"

If you're an English speaker, here's your anchor:

indem = by (doing something) Man überzeugt andere, indem man gute Argumente bringt. You convince others by bringing good arguments.

That's it. Wherever English uses "by + -ing", German uses indem. Direct mapping.

indem always describes the method. Not the goal, not the result, but how you do it.


Part 3: indem vs. durch + Akkusativ

The same idea can be expressed two ways:

ConstructionExampleEnglish
indem + clauseMan lernt, indem man viel liestYou learn by reading a lot
durch + Akk (noun)Man lernt durch vieles LesenYou learn through a lot of reading

Three takeaways:

  1. indem needs a full clause with subject and verb at the end.
  2. durch + Akkusativ needs a noun (often a nominalized infinitive: das Lesen, das Üben, das Arbeiten).
  3. In speech indem sounds more natural. Durch is the bookish version.

Trap! Don't confuse indem with damit. Indem = method (how?). Damit = purpose (why?). Er spricht langsam, indem er jedes Wort betont. (Method: how exactly does he speak slowly?) Er spricht langsam, damit alle ihn verstehen. (Purpose: why is he speaking slowly?)


Part 4: so dass / sodass — "so that" (result)

Now the second construction. In English: "He spoke loudly, so that everyone heard him."

Er hat laut gesprochen, so dass alle ihn gehört haben.

so dass (also written as one word: sodass) introduces the result of the previous action. Direct cognate of English "so that" — same word, same job.

Die Präsentation war gut strukturiert, sodass das Publikum alles verstanden hat. The presentation was well-structured, so that the audience understood everything.


Part 5: Triple contrast — damit / so dass / indem

This is the key distinction. Drill it into your head:

ConjunctionMeaningQuestionExample
damitpurpose, intention (so that, in order to)Wozu?Er übt, damit er besser wird
so dassactual result (so that, with the result that)Mit welchem Ergebnis?Er hat viel geübt, so dass er besser geworden ist
indemmethod, means (by doing)Wie?Er wird besser, indem er jeden Tag übt

Anchor: damit = I want (purpose). so dass = it happened (result). indem = I do it this way (method).

The same situation, three angles:

Ich bereite mich vor, damit mein Vortrag gelingt. (Purpose: so it succeeds.) Ich habe mich vorbereitet, so dass mein Vortrag gelungen ist. (Result: so it succeeded.) Ich bereite mich vor, indem ich jeden Punkt durchgehe. (Method: by going through each point.)


Next up: Lesson 49 — Modal verbs: nuances and subjective meaning. You'll find out why "Er muss krank sein" is not a command but a deduction, and how Germans express probability with a single verb. Plus the most native-sounding particles in the language — halt, eben, doch, mal — the ones that make you sound like a local instead of a textbook.

Lesson 48: Conjunctions indem and so dass · Deutsch · Glottos Matrix